The Industrial Revolution Impacted Women - 923 Words

In my thesis, I contend that the Industrial Revolution impacted women because women in the working and poor classes were a key labor force in mills and factories, they supported their role as the backbone of the household economy by completing housework in the middle class, and finally the Industrial Revolution made an impact on the contributions of ideas made by women. Firstly, the Industrial Revolution affected women in the working and poor classes by allowing them to work in factories and mills. Before this time, women in the working class were primarily working unpaid jobs such as cooking and cleaning around the house for the family, but the industrial revolution gave women the chance to be paid and work outside of their homes (Frader, â€Å"Effects of the Industrial Revolution†, BCP). Most women obtained jobs in the textile industry. According to Dr. Christopher Wells, a professor of U.S cultural history at Macalester University, explained that ,â€Å"The town of Lowell , MA, for example, was incorporated in 1826 and soon hosted over 30 different mills.† (Wells, â€Å"Industrializing Women†, Teaching History). In the Lowell Mills, women expected to work at least thirteen hour days of constant and tiring labor in which women accounted for three-fourths of the workers in the mill. (Wells, â€Å"Industrializing Women†, Teaching History). Women factory workers typically made around $3.00 to $3.50 per week which was much greater than most women could earn in their hometowns (Dublin, â€Å"Women andShow MoreRelatedEffects of the Industrial Revolution727 Words   |  3 PagesThe Industrial Revolution, lasting between the 18th and 19th century, profoundly affected the people of Europe, North America, and other regions of the world. The revolution produced new exciting technological innovations. As a result, the socioeconomic climate and cultural aspects of Europe and North America were altered in an unprecedented manner. Industrial op portunities also lured the population away from agrarian lifestyles to more urban populaces. The Industrial Revolution extensively changedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution and the Deterioration of the Traditional Family 1216 Words   |  5 Pageswas hit by the worldwide phenomenon known as the Industrial Revolution, and the U.S. was transformed into an industrial colossus. The vast lands of America made abundant resources available to those who wished to utilize them. This opened up new jobs, and the once agricultural families were, for the first time, split up; mothers, fathers, and children left their homes to work in factories and railroads. While it is undeniable the Industrial Revolution and all of its technological advances helped theRead MoreImperialism Is The Conception Or Preservation Of An Unequal Economic, Cultural, And Territorial Relationship1000 Words   |  4 Pagesprocess of industrialization. What were the necessary conditions to industrialize, and how was each c ritical? What principle inventions and innovations were important to the industrial revolution and why? In the Week 3 document, â€Å"Industrial Revolution and Women,† what are some of the key ways the author suggests women were impacted by Industrialization? (Answer 2.)- Industrialization is the movement where world or society changes its ways from a more old fashioned society of production, to a societyRead MoreMass Production Affects Conflicts With Society, Business And International Affairs907 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Industrial Revolution, the role of government was to keep the peace (or fight wars), maintain civil order and enforce law. By the progressive era, government in addition accepted some responsibility for regulating the economy and caring for the needy. The concept of economic policy had been born. Anti-trust laws and civil rights laws now existed. In Europe, the labor movement began during the industrial revolution, when agricultural jobs declined and employment moved to more industrial areasRead MoreWorking Class Families In The Industrial Revolution Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pages During the 18th to 19th centuries, the Industrial Revolution sparked various new ideas and introduced a modernized way of life to the people of Great Britain. Citizens had to adapt to an array of social and economic changes. During this time-period, gender roles and family order were shifted which created new dilemmas in the household. Working-class families were negatively impacted by the transition from the cottage industry to an industrialized society. Industrialization forced working-classRead MoreCauses And Effects Of The Industrial Revolution1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was an extremely significant revolution due to the monumental change into mass production. There were many different causes and outcomes of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution impacted people and industries all around the world, prompting changes in many societies. For example, the Industrial Revolution initiated in Britain, but eventually found its way to America. After this, it impacted many other countries who desired the sameRead MoreNegative Effects Of The Industrial Revolution840 Words   |  4 Pages The Industrial Revolution had a negative impact on nations. Some reasons to support my claim is that factories had a big effect on children, it also impacted women and their wages and the environment. The Industrial Revolution had a negative effect on the children and women, and the reason it had a negative effect was that there were bad conditions that the children and women lived and worked in. The conditions that the children had to work under were horrible, which led to illnesses and diseasesRead MoreThe Positive and Negative effects of the Industrial Revolution752 Words   |  4 PagesNegative effects of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution had many positive and negative impacts on society. The positive include cheaper clothes, more job opportunities, and improvement in transportation. And the negative would include exploitation of women and children, workers work long hours and environmental damages. These are just a few that I believe had an impact on the Industrial Revolution. England was an ideal place for the Industrial Revolution to begin. It had a greatRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution, a Revolution that began in Britain in the nineteenth century, saw people move from working in the farming industry to working in factories. This transition from an agrarian society meant that many people moved to cities in search of jobs. New methods of manufacturing allowed goods to be produced far more cheaply and quickly than before. However, the Revolution came with its own negative consequences. The lives of children during the Industrial Revolution were torturousRead MoreWhat Did The Career Lives Of United States Women Change During The United?1535 Words   |  7 Pagesdid the career lives of United States women change during the United States’ industrial Revolution? My interest in women of the industrial revolution in the United States, because there are many turning points in the lifestyle of United S tates women and the Industrial Revolution appears to me to be one of the first steps in the evolution of the roles of women living in the United States. The method used to investigate this life changing time period for women and the United States as a whole is the

Isolation in Detective Fiction Essay - 1308 Words

In detective fiction, authors create chaos, which they balance with a sense of structure and reason. They implement many elements to entice the reader to continue with the detective on his quest to solve the riddle and defeat the chaos, which can be divided into two sections: noticeable chaos and silent chaos. Noticeable chaos includes elements such as murder and thievery, obvious aspects of detective fiction that make the reader cringe. Silent chaos, on the other hand, includes locked rooms and settings; things that make the reader shiver because they have no idea why it is affecting them so much. Authors use these different elements to support common themes that are woven into many different works of detective fiction. Sir Arthur Conan†¦show more content†¦It is also the location of the death of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, which is extremely frightening because no one knows what happened in the laboratory, and everyone fears the unknown. The locked room also appears in  "The Problem of Cell 13† by Jacques Futrelle; however, the use of the locked room in this short story instills the fear of being imprisoned in the audience, rather than the fear of the unknown. The locked cell is filled with vile creatures and lacks any type of comfort, causing the reader to cringe at the idea of the character being in such a place. In â€Å"The Adventure of the Speckled Band† by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the locked room is the location of a murder as well as the house of the murder weapon. Doyle has the character of the stepfather, Dr. Roylott, lock the snake in a metal safe, which depicts that dangerous things are kept in locked places. Locked rooms in detective fiction have a negative connotation, which the reader can relate to being locked out of communication with society. Authors also create silent chaos in the stories by depicting the regression, or reverse evolution, of mankind. Evolution, as an idea becoming popular in the incipient stages of the detective fiction genre, was a commonly used idea by writers as a way of evoking the fear of a more instinctual side of human beings in the society. Reverse evolution connects with silent chaos because it does not happen right away, it is a slow process which society would not noticeShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis : Modern Detective Fiction1573 Words   |  7 PagesModern detective fiction has been employed cross-culturally predominantly with television media in recent decades as detective serve as reflections of cultural assumptions and values conveyed through the genre. Authors of new innovative storylines with unique characterizations and revitalizations of classic, ageless characters coincide to present new shift messages about crimes, the human element, and the detective. The comparable and divergent adaptations of detective genre is coming when comparingRead MoreDetective Archetype796 Words   |  4 PagesDetective Archetype Essay Sherlock Holmes and the Doctor share qualities such as higher intelligence, isolation from society, and hyperactivity that shape them into the only ones capable of providing justice for the threatened. The two fit the detective archetype quite well and whether explicit or not, the archetype is prevalent in their stories as well as others. Qualities of the detective archetype are represented through each â€Å"detective’s† habits, actions, words, thoughts, and choicesRead MoreEdgar Allan Poes Impact on American Literature1379 Words   |  6 Pageswas writing about so that they could figure it out themselves. Poe decided to use this type of writing in his story, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, thus creating the type of writing known to others as detective fiction. â€Å"Poe practically single-handedly invented the puzzle element of detective fiction that later came to dominate the genres of mystery and crime,† says Boston University English professor Charles Rzepka.†(Hockensmith). The Raven is Poes poem that would bring about the theme of darknessRead MoreWilliam Chandler s Farewell My Lovely1236 Words   |  5 PagesDetective fiction at its finest is displayed through the famous novel by Raymond Chandler called, Farewell My Lovely. Chandler published this novel in 1940 with every intention of giving his readers something dark and mysterious to dive into. Throughout the novel, the kind of protagonist that we naturally expect to encounter, is much more the opposite. The unconventional hero in this case would be the suggested â€Å"protagonist† names Philip Marlowe. He plays a cynical man who appears to not need anyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Writings Of Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, And Edgar Allan Poe1335 Words   |  6 Pagesshort stories. Poe (1809-1849) was born in Boston on January 19, 1809, and was widely acclaimed literary critic, lecturer, Author, and Poet. He is widely Credited for inventing a new genre of writing, now commonly called, ‘detective fiction’, and also for advancing scientific fiction. He is the author of â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death,† â€Å"The Black Cat,† â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† â€Å"William Wilson,† â€Å"Pym† and other popular essays (Lauter 2692). Poe was a very good poet as wellRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado2477 Words   |  10 Pagesbut it also delved more into the supernatural and in to the mind of the characters. Poe was known as one of the best at gothic fiction. He took parts of his life and put them into his stories giving them emotions. Edgar Allan Poe’s works had gothic style by his use of the theme of death, the supernatural and the use of a narrator to bring a feel of solidarity and isolation Edgar Allan Poe’s live was a very tragic one with death and suffering through and through. His life tremendously affected hisRead MoreThe Raven - Edgar Allan Poes View About His Own Fate.1285 Words   |  6 Pageswas born on January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. He is one of the most significant writers in the American history. Well known for its mystery and horror stories he is considered part of the Romantic movement in US and the inventor of detective fiction genre. On January 29, 1845 he publishes his poem The Raven in the Evening Mirror which granted him with immense fame (Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography 1941). The editor of the publishing newspaper wrote: It is the most effective singleRead MoreA Comparison of the Themes of Blade Runner and Brave New World1480 Words   |  6 Pagesactions. All aspects of the ‘New State’ within Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World indicate a belief that humanity is more sophisticated than the wild. Huxley’s continuous use of fake scientific jargon, while setting up his science fiction genre, also allows his characters and their actions to appear intelligent. Words such as â€Å"bokanovskified† serve the purpose of describing how science has replaced the natural process of reproduction. This implies that there is a generalRead MoreCitizen Kane Research Paper.When Discussing The Greatest2003 Words   |  9 Pageseverywhere. A noticeable trait of the movie is how it plays with the conventions of genre. It showcases three elements of â€Å"super genres†: documentary, non-narrative, and narrative fiction, with most of the detail and nuance within the sub genres of narrative fiction cinema. These sub genres being: family melodrama, horror, and detective. A lot of events in Kane’s life seem to reflect upon his loss of a maternal figure. The mother’s rejection of young Kane, the enforced aligning with Mr. Thatcher as his substituteRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Mean Time, By Carol Ann Duffy2469 Words   |  10 Pagesrepercussions associated with it, its paramount significance and the relationship between childhood curiosity and innocence. The extracts and poems that will be analysed are Chapter 7 ‘Holes and Things’, Ch apter 27 ‘About Natural History’ and Chapter 29 ,’Detective Work’ from Waterland and Duffy’s ‘Litany’, ‘Stafford Afternoons’ and ‘Away and See’. Throughout these texts, both writers consider curiosity as a vital quality of life. In Duffy’s poem ‘Away and See’, for example, she describes curiosity as a quality

Balance Free Essays

One fine evening, while walking to my friend’s place enjoying the beautiful climate cool breeze, making one to be there walking or standing still to enjoy it, I saw a group of kids riding their bicycles like a gang roaming. A huge van came in the opposite direction, which meant they had to make space, which they have been occupying so far, for the monster vehicle. Due to sudden change of course or rough terrain, one of the kids lost his balance fell to the safe side of the road. We will write a custom essay sample on Balance or any similar topic only for you Order Now I thought, â€Å"The kid must be new to riding bicycles hence couldn’t manage his balance when faced with a sudden change†. This thought struck me big, when for a moment I used it comparing the journey of riding our life against any challenge or change. I wondered, â€Å"How easily it made sense? †. Our whole life, aren’t we actually trying to keep all the various forces in a state of balance, where we are not pulled or pushed in by anyone of them so that we are deviated from our actual destined path. If so then what would be a balanced life. I would say a balance life is â€Å"A way of life that enables us to live in accordance with our nature, to improve our character, to better deal with the inevitable hardships of life and to strive for the good of the whole, not just of the individual. † This I believe will lead us to the ultimate happiness in life. So basically, â€Å"Life is a process of developing virtues which are essential for achieving the ultimate goal, happiness, which must be desired for itself†. It must not be confused with carnal or material pleasures, although there are many people who consider this to be real happiness, since they are the most basic form of pleasures. This is not to say that happiness is void of pleasures, but that pleasures are a natural effect, not the purpose. The virtues essential for attaining true happiness is in itself a balance of 2 extremes. For example, Courage is the middle between one extreme of deficiency (cowardice) and the other extreme of excess (recklessness). The middle depends on the situation because of the difficulty of the balance in certain situations can require a different level of action. Recognising this leads to improving the virtues constantly in anticipation of various different situations requiring the higher levels of actions. This holds only for virtues, not vices (hate, envy, jealousy, theft, murder, etc. ) So what endangers the balance of the life? It follows the same principle as in physical world. When there is an excess or deficiency of the struggling forces then the balance is destroyed. Today’s modern man usually succumbs in the sin of excess, which can be seen in the excess accumulation of material wealth, food, alcohol, drugs, etc. than what is necessary. But he can descend into deficiency as easily too, like inadequate attention to education, healthy sport activities, intellectual pursuits, etc. For every action that we take in our life we must look to keep it in balance with the corresponding balancing actions. The beautiful example, we must look to for keeping things in balance is nature, until man came along destroyed the state with his want for excess lack of attention towards actions for preserving the balance. Since human beings are from nature, isn’t it reasonable to conclude that humans should also uphold the balance, just like nature? The problem is that the vast majority of people are unwilling to admit that they are not at the top of nature, just a part of it. The current generation need to overcome their pride and arrogance and look in nature for guidance, because we all depend on it to leave behind a safer, habitable environment for the next generation to live in. Staring into the sky and imagining ourselves in heaven will not accomplish anything; it is better instead look around to accept our role in the world and appreciate the beauty of life, and death, which gives meaning to it. This will help us in upholding the balance both within outside as well. How to cite Balance, Papers

McCartney Songwriter Essay Example For Students

McCartney Songwriter Essay McCartney SongwriterWhen someone mentions the Beatles, most people who know of the band would think of Lennon, McCartney, Ringo and Harrison playing great music on stage. The Beatles still are the best pop rock group ever and it has been said that no other pop rock band will come close to their level of success. Their music was fresh, new and of course it sounded fantastic. But there have been rumors and stories about what the Beatles were singing about, and also about the band members such as whether Paul McCartney was dead or alive along with many other well-known controversial rumors. Elson manages to bypass all this hearsay and write and intimate diary of Paul McCartneys life and also a short history of his father and mother. It is in two parts, the first explores Pauls childhood and his experiences of growing up, meeting other members of the Beatles and how their careers developed. The book also goes on to clear up rumors about their music and what stimulated the Beatles to write songs. The second part explores Pauls solo career and life as a family man with Linda. The book starts off when Paul is a young child and explores Pauls influences such as his father who had a deep passion for music and shared this passion with his two boys. Epstien explains how Paul loved the guitar and how this enabled him to write songs to communicate his feelings inside him, an example is when he wrote Let it be which was about his mothers death. When I find myself in times of trouble, mother Mary comes to me, speaking words of wisdom, Let it beThe book continues to travel through the various stages Paul went through as a child, his passion for music, his talents at school and his aspirations for become a teacher. It describes his first meeting with John Lennon and how the two boys shared their musical talents and songwriting ideas that developed songs that later on in life would be hits all over the world. Originally John and Paul didnt have compatible styles of music. However, after time spent together they shared their music and songwriting ideas and most of the Beatles music was composed even before the band was formed. The other two members of the band Ringo Star and George Harrison and their entrance into McCartneys life is written about as well as their influences on the music a very brief history of their family life. It travels through the good and bad times shared by these four people, deep and tragic moments including the death of Pauls mother and how he dealt with it, along with the death of their manager Brain Epstien and other grave experiences Paul has lived through. The book concentrates heavily on the Beatles, as this was the main channel for Paul to share his music with the world. It analyses what provoked Paul to write songs, clarifying rumors that have been spread over the years about Paul and the Beatles music. A common rumor is how Lucy in the sky with diamonds was concerned with the abuse of LSD, much different from the actual story of Johns son bringing home a picture. When Julian was asked what it was he replied Its Lucy in the sky with diamonds. The second part of the book while being much shorter than the first was based on much more on Pauls solo career and his life with Linda and his family. It analyses how Paul used everyday, common situations as stimuli for music and songwriting. A very in-depth, intimate read of Paul McCartney, the Beatles and an era of the best pop rock ever to grace the ears of the public. Epstien delivers truth and intimacy to recreate Pauls life from a child to where it stood in the 80s.

How to Deal with APA Citations in Your College Papers

Why is formatting so important? It is often neglected by students who think that this is boring and unnecessary: the professor will understand the paper anyway. Unfortunately, for those who are studying and luckily for the readers, adhering to the format is an indispensable thing. Lets consider an example: This picture demonstrates us how different the same text looks depending on its design. Even though this article is not an academic paper, but you can visually grasp the main purpose of formatting. An essay with paragraphs and proper citing is much easier to read than a paper which resembles a solid sheet of text. As for academic writing, good formatting tells about students abilities to: Adhere to the rules; Simplify the complex; Structure; Be disciplined; These 4 skills are quite important for the future career whatever it would be. What is APA? APA is an abbreviation of the American Psychological Association. This style of formatting can be frequently found in the academic works dedicated to social or humanitarian issues. There are lots of specifications of citing various sources books, websites, newspapers, articles or even videos and pictures. Every kind of the citation differs from others, so you need to know more about the most common of them. Also, a general rule for APA citation represents this structure: Contributors. (Date). Title (Secondary Contributors). Publication Information So, you place the authors name first, continue with the date and add secondary contributors if they exist. In the end, you should put publication information. Nevertheless, this is only a basic form. To impress your professor with your formatting skills you need to use specific kinds of citations. How to Cite a Book Books citing is not the same according to its type. You should know how to work with 3 kinds of books: actually a book, e-book and book found in a database. For the simple book, the template looks like: Author, A.A.. (Year of Publication). The title of work. Publisher City, State: Publisher. For instance: Gordon, R. J. (2016). The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press Be careful with the font: the title of the book should be italicized. E-book citing You are free to work with books on the e-reader if it seems more convenient. Nowadays, some publishers bring out only electronic versions of literature works, so lets find out what you should also mention compiling the reference list. Author, F.M. (Year of Publication). The title of work [E-reader Version]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx or doi:xxxxx APA Example: Verbic M. (2011). Advances in Econometrics Theory and Applications. Retrieved from http://www.freebookcentre.net/ You should write Digital Object Identifier which is frequently used by library databases while mentioning the book from a database. Rules of Website Citing Students often cite websites noticing some articles which contain some useful information data for their academic papers. In fact, we use only some content written by an author, not the whole source. However, sometimes there is no author mentioned on the website. So, here we use 2 templates: Author, A.A.. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Title. Retrieved from URL or Title. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Retrieved from URL For instance: BBC GCSE Bitesize: What is communication? (2017, March 17) Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/business/people/communicationrev1.shtml Working with Periodicals Periodical could be: Academic journals; Daily, weekly or monthly magazines; Newspapers. All those sources can be found online and in print, so the rules for their citing are slightly different. Academic Sources Citing Another authors dissertation, thesis or coursework can be also used as a source of information for an academic paper. Some people receive useful information from lectures or conference papers. These papers are usually stored in databases or on specific websites Here is a template for academic paper cite taken from a database: Last, F.M. (Date published). Title (Doctoral dissertation or masters thesis). Retrieved from database name. (Accession or Order no.) Citing of papers from the internet: Last, F.M. (Date published). Title (Doctoral dissertation or masters thesis). Retrieved from the URL (Accession or Order no.) Lets provide an example: Krishnamoorthy, S.(2017). Alleviation of reentry communications blackout by electrostatic methods (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://searchworks.stanford.edu/ Other Kinds of Citations You can cite not only written sources but also photos, videos or even radio broadcasts. The rules for such data origins citation correspond to the general APA fundamentals and its not complicated to understand how to do it properly. The authors name always goes first, after that you should mention the year of release or publication, the next step is a title. The last two positions are represented by a country and company which is responsible for the release. As you see, APA citation is a simple matter. The key thing is your attention. Be accurate and considerate to avoid mistakes while compiling a reference list. Also, dont forget about formatting rules which are connected with the rest of your paper and add lists and tables to simplify the reading. Provide diagrams, pictures and infographics to dilute your text with visual elements It will help to keep the reader and simplify the explanations of the complex issues.

Language and Gender Definitions and Discussions

Language and Gender Definitions and Discussions Language and gender is an interdisciplinary field of research that studies varieties of speech (and, to a lesser extent, writing) in terms of gender, gender relations, gendered practices, and sexuality. In The Handbook of Language and Gender (2003), Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff discuss the shift that has occurred in the field since the early 1970sa movement away from essentialist and dichotomous conceptions of gender to a differentiated, contextualized, and performative model which questions generalized claims about gender. What Are Language and Gender Studies? Regarding gender, extensive research on language, culture, and identity has sought to uncover the logic of the encoding of sex differences in languages, to analyze the oppressive implications of ordinary speech, to explain miscommunication between men and women, to explore how gender is constructed and interacts with other identities, and to investigate the role of language in helping establish gender identity [as] part of a broader range of processes through which membership in particular groups is activated, imposed, and sometimes contested through the use of linguistic forms . . . that activate stances ([Alessandro] Duranti 2009: 30-31). Other work explores how language is used to reproduce, naturalize, and contest gender ideologies, drawing from many disciplinary perspectives . . .. Critical discourse, narrative, metaphor, and rhetorical analysis have been used to examine other gendered dimensions of processes of meaning making, such as gender bias in cell biology (Beldecos et al . 1988) and factory farm industry language used to conceal violence (Glenn 2004).(Christine Mallinson and Tyler Kendall, Interdisciplinary Approaches. The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics, ed. by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013) Doing Gender We act out gender roles from a continuum of masculine and feminine characteristics; we are therefore gendered and we are involved in the process of our own gendering and the gendering of others throughout our lives. In the field of  gender and language use, this performance of gender is referred to as doing gender. In many ways we are rehearsed into our gender roles, like being prepared for a part in a play: gender is something we do, not something we are (Bergvall, 1999; Butler, 1990). Over our lives and particularly in our early formative years, we are conditioned, prompted and prodded to behave in acceptable ways so that our gender, and our communitys acceptance of it, aligns with our ascribed sex. [S]ome scholars in the field question the distinction that sex is a biological property and gender is a cultural construct, and both terms continue to be contested . . ..(Allyson Julà ©, A Beginners Guide to Language and Gender. Multilingual Matters, 2008) The Dangers of Abstraction Our diagnosis is that gender and language studies suffer from the same problem as that confronting sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics more generally: too much abstraction. Abstracting gender and language from the social practices that produce their particular forms in given communities often obscures and sometimes distorts the ways they connect and how those connections are implicated in power relations, in social conflict, in the production and reproduction of values and plans. Too much abstraction is often symptomatic of too little theorizing: abstraction should not substitute for theorizing but be informed by and responsive to it. Theoretical insight into how language and gender interact requires a close look at social practices in which they are jointly produced. (Sally McConnell-Ginet, Gender, Sexuality, and Meaning: Linguistic Practice and Politics. Oxford University Press, 2011) Background and Evolution of Language and Gender Studies In the United States during the late 1960s and early 1970s, women began to examine and critique societal practices that supported gender discrimination in consciousness-raising groups, in feminist cells, in rallies and media events (see [Alice] Echols, 1989, for a history of the womens movement in the United States). In the academy, women and a few sympathetic men started to examine the practices and methods of their disciplines, subjecting them to similar critiques for similar ends: the elimination of societal inequities based upon gender. The study of language and gender was initiated in 1975 by three books, the latter two of which have continued to significantly influence sociolinguistic work: Male/Female Language (Mary Ritchie Key), Language and Womens Place (Robin Lakoff), and Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance (Barrie Thorne and Nancy Hedley, Eds.). . . . Overly dichotomous ideas of gender pervade Western society in ways that must be challenged. Because, however, it is important that challenging exaggerated notions of difference does not simply result in women assimilating to male, or mainstream, norms, feminist scholars must simultaneously document and describe the value of attitudes and behaviors long considered feminine. In doing so, feminist scholars challenge their exclusive association with women and point out their value for all people.(Rebecca Freeman and Bonnie McElhinny, Language and Gender. Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching, ed. by Sandra Lee McKay and Nacy H. Hornberger. Cambridge University Press, 1996) In the first phase of language/gender research, Many of us were eager to piece together an overall portrayal of differences in the speech of women and men. We invented notions like genderlect to provide overall characterizations of sex differences in speech (Kramer, 1974b; Thorne and Henley, 1975). The genderlect portrayal now seems too abstract and overdrawn, implying that there are differences in the basic codes used by women and men, rather than variably occurring differences, and similarities.(Barrie Thorne, Cheris Kramarae, and Nancy Henley, 1983; quoted by Mary Crawford in Talking Difference: On Gender and Language. SAGE, 1995)Interactional sociolinguistics [IS] serves as one of many theoretical orientations that have been drawn on to investigate gender and communication. The pioneering study of Maltz and Borker (1982) provided a starting point for [Deborah] Tannens (1990, 1994, 1996, 1999) writing on language and gender in which Tannen investigates interactions between women a nd men as a kind of cross-cultural communication and firmly establishes IS as a useful approach to gendered interaction. Her general audience book You Just Dont Understand (Tannen, 1990) offers insights into everyday communication rituals of speakers of both genders. Much like Lakoffs (1975) Language and Womens Place, Tannens work has fueled both academic and popular interest in the topic. In fact, language and gender research exploded in the 1990s and continues to be a topic receiving a great deal of attention from researchers using various theoretical and methodological perspectives (Kendall and Tannen, 2001).(Cynthia Gordon, Gumperz and Interactional Sociolinguistics. The SAGE Handbook of Sociolinguistics, ed. by Ruth Wodak, Barbara Johnstone, and Paul Kerswill. SAGE, 2011) Language and gender studies have seen significant expansion to encompass sexual orientation, ethnicity and multilingualism, and, to some extent, class, involving analyses of spoken, written, and signed gendered identities.(Mary Talbot, Language and Gender, 2nd ed. Polity Press, 2010)

Refection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Refection paper - Essay Example The speaker based her presentation on life experience and the entire event was informative and identified concepts that are applicable to my real life situation (Syracuse University). The event was informative and improved my knowledge on existence of challenges from different aspects of life. It also enlightened me on different aspects of life and their roles in facilitating strength and coexistence among individuals. With the knowledge of natural and human imposed limits, the event taught me of the benefits of courage in facing challenges. A courageous heart will for example have strength to embrace difficulties and uncertainties until success is realized and therefore reduces chances of missed opportunities. The event has also taught me the concept of persistence and determination in pursuing a venture. These concepts define continued efforts in spite of possible challenges in a situation and they eliminate possibilities of losing a viable opportunity because of lost hope from frustrations. Close to the concept of persistence is the concept of perseverance that I also learnt from the unit and that facilitates success in initiatives (Syracuse University). I also learnt of the importance and significance of having a purpose in an individual’s life, of having a driving factor in a person’s life, of being spiritual and being able to maintain established potentials. A purpose establishes targets to be attained and facilitates development of strategies for attaining those targets. I have also learnt to understand purpose as an intrinsic motivator that encourages efforts towards achieving desired goals. The event also enlightened me of the need to be a motivated person in order to embrace and even overcome challenges in life. Hope, courage, and faith that are developed from spiritual aspects of life are other sources of power and strength towards managing challenges and overcoming them to achieve success (Syracuse University). The ‘30th Annual