Critical Analysis Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Essay

In Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, we are presented with an unnamed narrator whose values and potentials are invisible to the world around him. Throughout the entirety of the novel, we see the unnamed narrator, also known as the Invisible Man, struggle in an attempt to uncover his identity buried beneath African American oppression and an aggregation of deception. Ellison shows us how lies and deceit may serve as a grave but invaluable obstacle to one’s journey to find their identity. Through the use of imagery, symbols, and motifs of blindness along with invisibility, Ellison portrays the undeniable obstacle that deception plays in one’s ability to establish their identity along with the necessity of it. Within the opening chapter, the†¦show more content†¦The Battle Royal established the relationship between white power, male power, and (hetero)sexual power, the ‘self-grounding presumptions’ of dominant subjectivity, as central to the narrator’s embrace of abjection. Furthermore, it equates these structures or power with the visibility of disempowered bodies. (Jarenski 89) He was deceived by the white man whose approval he so desperately craved. However, this lie and deceit is one necessary to his journey to find his identity. It was essential for the Invisible Man to face this hard pressed reality and embrace the abjection. The Battle Royal inexplicably defined the dominance of the white male throughout this time. Without knowing of the unfortunate white male dominance of the times, he would never be able to see past the fog of lies that is omnipresent throughout the entire novel. â€Å"The [Invisible Man looked] to find identity within the roles assigned to him by the white audience. His primary concern [was] how they [would] perceive his dual role as a participant and a speaker† (Jarenski 89). He longed for their approval, unconsciously knowing that with their approval and acceptance his ability to establish his identity would be facile. It was vital for the Invisible Man to learn this arduous lesson. He needed to be acquainted with the idea that the white man is all powerful and also all ambiguous. Unfortunately, at the end of the night, the superintendent presented the Invisible ManShow MoreRelatedInvisible Man by Ralph Ellison Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Ralph Ellison’s novel, Invisible Man, the narrator is a young, African-American male who believes that he is invisible. Throughout the novel, he spends a great amount of time and effort trying to figure out his identity and find a way to make himself visible in society. One of the narrator’s main attempts brings him to join an organization known as the Brotherhood, where he is able to utilize his talent for public speaking as an advocate for the Brotherhood and allRead MoreUsing Psychoanalysis to Understand Human Behavior Essay4081 Words   |  17 PagesIn fact, the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan wrote, If psycho-analysis is to be constituted as the science of the unconscious, one must set out from the notion tha t the unconscious is structured like a language,(1) thus directly relating literature – the art of language - and psychoanalysis. Searching the database of the Modern Language Association for articles about the use of psychoanalysis for understanding Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man yields one article by Caffilene Allen, of Georgia State University

Neoclassicism and the Enlightenment - 548 Words

The â€Å"Age of Enlightenment† saw a revival of classical thought through the exploration of Greek simplicity, order, and harmony, and with the influential role of education. Bolstered by exponential advances in scientific discovery, the six principles of classicism likewise saw a revival in seventeenth and eighteenth century neoclassical art. Perhaps no other artist better epitomizes the neoclassical movement than French revolutionary Jacques-Louis David. David â€Å"eschewed the constraints of the Acadà ©mie† (Mahabir) in pursuit of his ideals, and â€Å"appropriated [those] of ancient Greece and Rome for [his] own era† (Sporre 424). Perhaps his most important painting, The Oath of the Horatii was created in accordance with classical principles. Forgoing rococo decadence, â€Å"David organizes the canvas with a geometric precision that recalls the innovation of the ancient Greeks and of the Italian Renaissance that harked back to the rationalism of antiquity † (â€Å"Davids Oath of the Horatii†). Elements in the piece are neatly arranged and ordered. The space is divided into three distinct parts. Strong geometrical shapes, rational space, a mainly subdued palette, and the lack of discernible brush strokes display order. The work is organized, with its austere simplicity and direct message presented in a methodical composition. With sculptural modeling and strong poses, the idealized figures are â€Å"solid, active, and full of presence† (Mahabir). The men, in particular, are youthful, virile, andShow MoreRelated Neoclassicism and the Enlightenment Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesNeoclassicism and the Enlightenment The Enlightenment was a time of great innovation and evolution. One of the most significant movements which owes at least the majority of its beginnings to the Enlightenment is the architectural and artistic movement of Neoclassicism. This Neoclassicism of the mid eighteenth to mid nineteenth centuries is one that valued ancient Greek, Roman, and Etruscan artistic ideals. These ideals, including order, symmetry, and balance, were considered by manyRead MoreEssay on Renaissance vs Neoclassicism1295 Words   |  6 PagesTrefren, D Renaissance VS Neoclassicism How could two periods such as the Neoclassicism and the Renaissance be so successful and be focused on very different things? Neoclassicism and the Renaissance are two major periods in the history of art during which different forms of art including architecture, painting, music and visual arts, significantly advanced. It was during these periods, different artists became very famous as a result of the masterpieces reflecting how the ideologies and artisticRead MoreEssay on Neoclassical Art Period vs Romanticism Art Period1046 Words   |  5 Pages                Neoclassical Art Period The Neoclassical art period overlapped with the 18th century Age of Enlightenment and continued into the early 19th century. Neoclassicism left almost no feature of visual culture untouched. This was regardless of the realistic and hypothetical connections to the classical tradition of Western art. Neoclassicism was viewed as a revolutionary denial of the selfindulgence of the baroque. Neoclassicism’s formal stylistic characteristics hadRead MoreThe Neoclassical and Romantic Periods1114 Words   |  5 PagesThe Neoclassical and Romantic Periods Neoclassical Period The Neoclassical age was a time of strict laws of balance and restraint. The Enlightenment or the Age of Reason, are names given to the predominant intellectual movement of the eighteenth century. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement among the upper and middle class elites. It involved a new world view which explained the world and looked for answers in terms of reason rather than faith, and in terms of an optimistic, natural,Read MoreBaroque, Rococo, and Neoclassicism: Comparison and Contrast Essay768 Words   |  4 Pageswere also different in several important ways, and reflected changing social attitudes. Where Baroque was rooted in religion and promoted by the Catholic Church as a response to the Protestant Reformation, Rococo flourished during the â€Å"Age of Enlightenment†, a time where secularism reigned and attitudes towards morals loosened considerably. As such, the artwork reflected the current social climate: It was frivolous and light-hearted, featur ing light, airy colors and a strong emphasis on delicateRead MoreNeoclassical Art Versus Romanticism Art1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe Neoclassical era was known as â€Å"The Age of Reason† or â€Å"The Enlightenment†. This era started in the mid 1700’s. The neoclassical era was part of the Greek and Roman history. The neoclassical era started as a reaction to the former Rococo period. The Rococo art was whimsical and playful. . The artwork of the neoclassical era was morally uplifting and inspirational. The artwork depicted the seriousness of the time, order, reason, tradition, society, intellect and political events. Neoclassical artistsRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels By Jonathan Swift1365 Words   |  6 PagesNeoclassicism Neoclassicism was a Western movement in almost every visual art form that draws inspiration from the classical art and culture of Ancient Greece and Rome. Neoclassical means the revival of the ancients. The Neoclassical age coincided with the Enlightenment in the eighteenth century and lasted into the early nineteenth century, competing alongside Romanticism. Neoclassical architecture, however, lasted from the eighteenth century through the twenty-first century. Neoclassicism originatedRead MoreEssay on Jaques Louis David1898 Words   |  8 Pages1. Introduction Set on a stage of revolution and Enlightenment, the Neo-Classical period presents a broad and interesting topic. Jacques Louis David was the first political painter, and a true revolutionary, but one cannot disengage his art work from the social and political systems of the period. Therefore, this essay will present an overview of the social context and systems of Pre Revolution France, Neoclassicism and how David’s work was influenced by it and how his work influenced it. AlsoRead MoreThe Main Goals Of Enlightenment795 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enlightenment is intriguing period lasted from 1600 to1800.French historians traditionally place the period between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. The Enlightenment is known in French as the ‘’Sià ¨cle des Lumià ¨res’’ (Century of Enlightenment) was a philosophical and architectural movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the18th centur y. The principal goals of Enlightenment thinkers were liberty, progress, reason, toleranceRead MoreThe, Peace, Night, Day, Love, Hate1946 Words   |  8 Pagesresponsible for this progression, two such movements in particular have caused radical paradigm shifts in their respective disciplines. Impressionism and Albert Einstein’s theories have veered art and physics away from the old ideas associated with Neoclassicism and Newtonian Mechanics. In this essay I will analyze the many similarities between these movements, from the conditions of their origin, to their reception, to their effects on society and academia. Relation to Other Analyses Physics and art

System Analysis of Headspace Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.c

Question: Discuss about the System Analysis of Headspace. Answer: Non-Functional Requirement The non-functional requirement that Headspace can use in its cloud application system is FURPS+. The acronym of FURPS+ is functionality, usage, reliability, the system performance and the supportability. The + is to specify the constraints of the non functional requirements of cloud system of Headspace. The technique of FURPS+ is to make validation to all the requirements that are prioritized and also understands the necessities and needs of the client (Al-Rawashdeh, Alazzeh Al-Qatawneh, 2014). The non functional requirements helps to understand the different types of classification that are related to stress which is solved by the FURPS+ technique. The explanation of the FURPS+ technique is as follows: Functionality: The acronym of F in FURPS+ is Functionality. F defines the main feature of the product which is similar with the cloud solution that is to be developed in Headspace. The requirements of the functionality of FURPS+ are very much technical oriented (Awan, Malik Javed, 2015). The functional requirements that are mainly required include the functional requirement of licensing, mail, printing, security, workflow, system management, localization, printing and also auditing. Usability: U in FURPS+ is the acronym of Usability. This usability includes all the issues of user interface such as capturing, stating and looking at that are required. Usability ensures the technique of using the non functional requirements of cloud system properly in Headspace. Reliability: The aspect which includes accuracy, recoverability and availability are included in reliability. The reliability on recovery and computations are the factors of reliability that prevents the system from being shut down. Performance: The performance is the acronym of P in FURPS+ (Punia Kaur, 2014). The feature that are included in performance are the information throughput in the clod system, time take by the cloud system to response and the start up time of the system and also the recovery time that the cloud system needs. Supportability: The supportability is the S in the FURPS+. The supportability includes other requirements that are needed in the cloud system which includes adaptability, configurability, localizability, scalability, testability, installability and also maintainability. The FURPS+ has a + sign which indicates some of the specific constraints which includes interface, physical constraints, design and implementation constraints. Interface Constraints- The constraint of interference is the requirement that is required to interact with the entire external item (Ameller et al., 2013). When the interface of Headspace is developed, it is difficult to interact with all the external systems. Physical Constraints- The physical constraints of non functional requirements affects all the hardware that is required in the system of cloud. The shape, weight and size of the hardware are determined in physical constraints. Design Constraints- The design constraint of non functional requirement implements the design of the system (Penzenstadler et al., 2013). The required database that is required in the cloud system of Headspace is designed in the Design Constraints. Implementation Constraint- The limit that is given to the constriction and the coding which includes implementation language, standards and platforms are all determined in the Implementation Constraints. Difference between functional and non-functional requirements Functional Requirements Non Functional Requirements The requirements that are functional specify the doing of the service. The requirements for non functional denotes the property that the service must possess. All the actions that are carried out by the service so that the fundamental reasons that are required for existence are satisfied (Dick, J., Hull, E., Jackson, 2017). The properties of non functional specify the qualities and characteristics that are required to make the service usable, fast, reliable and also attractive. Fundamental activities such as manipulating data and computation are done. Fundamental activities such as manipulating data and computation are not required (Mijumbi et al., 2016). Functional requirements do not change the functionality of the service ignoring whatever properties are attached with them. Adding functionality to non functional requirement make the service easy to use, interactive and also secured. A specific behavior of a function in a system is described in a functional requirement when some of the conditions that are certain are met. The behavior of the system is elaborated in non functional requirement of Cloud system and also keeps a limit on the functionality of the system. The function requirements are included in a cloud system are: Authorization levels Transaction corrections, cancellation and adjustments Historical data Administrative functions Certification requirements Business Rules Regulatory and legal requirements External Interfaces Reporting requirements Authentication and Audit Tracking The function requirements are included in a cloud system are: o Capacity o Reliability o Scalability o Maintainability o Regulatory o Environmental o Interoperability o Usability o Manageability o Security o Performancethat includes throughput, response time, static volumetric and utilization o Availability o Serviceability o Data Integrity o Recoverability The example of Functional requirement is sending an email when a new customer signs up an account or opens a new account. The characteristics and attributes of system quality are specified such as all users who are accessing the database are to have a modified updated data. Table 1: Showing Difference of Functional and Non-Functional Requirements Review of Cloud Based The advantages of Cloud Based Storage are as follows: Usability: The services of cloud storage are reviewed in usability in the desktop folders that uses PCs and MACs (Abolfazli et al., 2014). This helps the users to drop and drag the files in between local storage and cloud storage. Bandwidth: The emails files that are sent to individuals are avoided and web link are sent to all recipients via email. Accessibility: The files that are stored can be accessed via Internet from anywhere the user wants. The files are accessed easily by the users. Disaster Recovery: The service of cloud has a high backup plan in case if some emergency occurs. Backup plan for any business can use the cloud storage to keep a second copy of a data or information that is important. The files that are backup in the cloud can be accessed by the user from anywhere via internet connection. Cost Saving: Organizations and businesses use operational costs that are needed annually by using the cloud storage. The cost of storing data internally in cloud is almost 3 cents per GB. The additional cost saving can be found in using cloud because internal power is not needed to remotely store the information. Disadvantages of Cloud Storage are: Usability: Users have to be careful in using the drop and drag feature of cloud for moving the document in folder of cloud storage (Rahimi et al., 2014). Copy and paste is not allowed in this process. The users have to be careful to use drag and drop feature. Bandwidth: Specific bandwidths are allowed by specific cloud services. The users of the cloud services have to be careful in using the amount of bandwidth. If the users exceed the amount of bandwidth that is allowed to tem, then extra charge is taken from them for the extra amount that is used. Accessibility: The cloud storage cannot be accessed without the internet connection. If there is no internet, the user will not be able to get access to the files. Data Security: The safety and privacy of the data are to be maintained by cloud storage. This proves the main disadvantage for the cloud system storage. The data privacy can be hampered in the cloud storage service. This makes the business more uneasy and unsafe. Software: The software that is used to access the data have to be installed on all the devices that uses the cloud service, otherwise the files are not accessible. The data are to be kept secured by using a cloud service in the Headspace. The following aspects are to be kept in mind to give a security to all the data that is stored in the cloud storage. First of all the security agreement that s given by the cloud are to be read properly by the user. The users have to be sure what agreement the provider of cloud is giving to the user. The user agreement are to be made clear so that their does not come any data related threat to the data that are stored in the cloud (Wei et al., 2014). The documents that are stored usually faces data security which hampers the privacy if the user. Secondly the passwords that are created in for the security of the applications are to be very securely done. The passwords are to be strong enough so that any data breach does not take place the technologies that are used by the cyber attacker takes very less time to break the passwords that are used in application in cloud storage. The cloud storages are very much pr one to data breach. Hackers find it easy to hack the applications that are connected to cloud. The passwords for the emails and other needed applications are to be made double secured. Lastly, a cloud service that is securely encrypted is to be used. To protect the data breach and secure the data, encryption process is the most important method that is used. Different cloud services have different encryption process. It is recommended to use cloud services like Wuala or Spideroak so that the data is kept secured in Headspace. SDLC Approach Advantages of Predictive Model Disadvantages of Predictive Model This model is very easy and simple to understand and implement. It is very difficult to go back to the previous stages once it reaches to the testing stage. Management of this model is very easy because of the rigidity of the model (Kazim, 2017). All the phases have particular review process and deliverables. This model proves a disadvantages to the projects that are object oriented process and are complex All the processes and phases are completed at the same time. Overlapping of phases does not occur. This model have high amount of uncertainty and risk (Modi, H. S., Singh, N. K., Chauhan, 2017). Works well with smaller projects where there is clear understand of the requirement. This model does not work well with the big project that runs long. Table 2: Advantages and Disadvantages of Predictive Model Advantages of Adaptive Model Disadvantages of Adaptive Model In the life cycle of this adaptive model, some functions that are needed can be developed early. Requires many resources. The results of this method can be determined early and in a periodic way (Stoica, M., Mircea, M., Ghilic-Micu, 2013). More management attention is required. The development of the project can be planned parallel. Design issues arise as it deals with big projects. Measurement of progress can be checked. Suitable for bigger projects (Kanan, M., Weheba, G., Assaf, 2017). If change of requirements is needed, then cost less. Time taking method as it works with big projects. Debugging and testing is very easy. Complete systems have to be defined for defining the increments. Table 2: Advantages and Disadvantages of Adaptive Model The best model that Headspace can use is the Adaptive model because it works best with bigger projects. As storing data in cloud service is a bigger process, adaptive method is the best model. The results of adaptive method can be determined early and in a periodic way. It leads to less the risk to data breach. References Abolfazli, S., Sanaei, Z., Ahmed, E., Gani, A., Buyya, R. (2014). Cloud-based augmentation for mobile devices: motivation, taxonomies, and open challenges.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,16(1), 337-368. Al-Rawashdeh, T. A., Alazzeh, F. M., Al-Qatawneh, S. M. (2014). Evaluation of ERP systems quality model using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique.Journal of Software Engineering and Applications,7(04), 225. Ameller, D., Ayala, C., Cabot, J., Franch, X. (2013). Non-functional requirements in architectural decision making.IEEE software,30(2), 61-67. Awan, S., Malik, F., Javed, A. (2015). An Efficient and Objective Generalized Comparison technique for Software Quality Models.International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science,7(12), 57. Dick, J., Hull, E., Jackson, K. (2017).Requirements engineering. Springer. Kanan, M., Weheba, G., Assaf, R. (2017). Economic Advantages of Utilizing the Integrated Quality Software Development Model.Ind Eng Manage,6(210), 2169-0316. Kazim, A. (2017). A Study of Software Development Life Cycle Process Models.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science,8(1). Mijumbi, R., Serrat, J., Gorricho, J. L., Bouten, N., De Turck, F., Boutaba, R. (2016). Network function virtualization: State-of-the-art and research challenges.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,18(1), 236-262. Modi, H. S., Singh, N. K., Chauhan, H. P. (2017). Comprehensive Analysis of Software Development Life Cycle Models. Penzenstadler, B., Raturi, A., Richardson, D., Tomlinson, B. (2014). Safety, security, now sustainability: The nonfunctional requirement for the 21st century.IEEE software,31(3), 40-47. Punia, M., Kaur, A. (2014). Software Maintainability Prediction Using Soft Computing Techniques. Rahimi, M. R., Ren, J., Liu, C. H., Vasilakos, A. V., Venkatasubramanian, N. (2014). Mobile cloud computing: A survey, state of art and future directions.Mobile Networks and Applications,19(2), 133-143. Stoica, M., Mircea, M., Ghilic-Micu, B. (2013). Software development: Agile vs. traditional.Informatica Economica,17(4), 64. Wei, L., Zhu, H., Cao, Z., Dong, X., Jia, W., Chen, Y., Vasilakos, A. V. (2014). Security and privacy for storage and computation in cloud computing.Information Sciences,258, 371-386.

Roosevelts Conservation And Consumer Protection Essays -

Roosevelt's Conservation and Consumer Protection President Theodore Roosevelt and the progressives made their greatest success in the fields of conservation and consumer protection. Not many people would stand against them, making them successful. Roosevelt stood against greater opposition on the other progressive issues that could have been more prosperous, yet were not so widely accepted. Conservation did have problems, for Roosevelt and Pinchot both believed that the resources of the nation should be used wisely. Pinchot believed that wilderness was waste. However Theodore Roosevelt realized that one of the nations resources that had to be saved for posterity was wilderness. He helped organize national parks that still exist today, such as Yosemite National Park. Muir of the Sierra Club believed in this in a ?spare-that-tree? way and stood against the Hetch Hetchy dam affair that Pinchot supported. This controversy is still debatable to this date. After loosing his stomach for sausage due to reading Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, Theodore Roosevelt helped to spur the National Food and Drug Association, and meat packing inspection. Relatively few people would argue with meat packing inspection regulations after being introduced to conditions described by Sinclair's muckraking. Muckraking helped to alert the people of the country of corruption all around them. Although its content would be treated like the scandal reveling investigative reporting seen today, it played a crucial role in the safety of many people. Theodore Roosevelt read The Jungle proving its value for all meat consumers to read and soon find meat unpalatable.

Venus And Adonis Essays - Literature, Religion, Operas, Mythology

Venus And Adonis Essays - Literature, Religion, Operas, Mythology Venus And Adonis Venus and Adonis: Images of Sexuality in Nature Love is the answer, but while you are waiting for the answer, sex raises some pretty good questions. - Woody Allen Throughout his plays and poetry Shakespeare imbeds numerous and diverse themes, many of them relating to love, sexuality, life, death, religion and countless others. In his poem Venus and Adonis Shakespeare tackles the theme of sexuality as a representation of love, and a function of Nature. The characters of Venus and Adonis, often times reminiscent of an Elizabethan fallen Adam and Eve, create a sexually charged poem that lends much of the power and influence of love and life and death to Nature. Shakespeare creates a natural phenomenon that physically links the love and actions of these two characters to the forces, both positive and destructive, to Nature herself. The poem allows Venus and Adonis a certain power or authority over the forces that lie within the powers of Nature, but Shakespeare's creation of this sexual narrative as a depiction of erotic desire as a tragic event leads the characters to inevitable misfortune, and a complete loss of control over their circumstances. Shakespeare's text can be broadly divided into three sections. The first being Venus' expressions of love for Adonis, the second involving Adonis' death and the hunt, and the third and final section focuses on Venus' reaction to the loss of Adonis. In the first third, Venus tries with increasing desperation to entice Adonis into sex. The pastoral setting on the primrose bank is ideal for the sexually charged analogies she creates. She bombards him with oxymorons involving hot ice, showers him with floral metaphors, launches into an extended variation on the old carpe diem theme, and cracks familiar puns on words such as harts and deer. Venus seems to have inspired control over her own body, and wondrously metamorphosizes her form to suit her purpose, making it heavy enough to need trees to support it, then giving the violets she lies on the strength of trees (152). For all its desperation, the first section is energetic and hopeful, emphasizing Adonis' youth and Venus' constantly self-renewing flesh. The descriptions of love found here are wholly sexual and physically based, but there is a desperate strength in Venus' repeated attempts and persistence. However, at the center of the poem Adonis announces that he intends to hunt the boar the next day. Venus collapses with the boy on top of her, and follows what ought to be the sexual climax of Venus' attempts to lure Adonis into her bed, but all Venus gets from the encounter is frustration: 'all is imaginary she doth prove' (597). In this next section of the poem, which takes place in the forest, Venus speaks of fear, the fear of the boar and the terror of the hunted hare. Death, which has been a veiled presence throughout the first half, becomes the controlling factor of the second. Instead of urging Adonis to beget, Venus warns him that he will be murdering his own posterity if he fails to make love (757-60). The youthfulness of Adonis, which had been described in such vital terms in the first section, able to 'drive infection from the dangerous year' (508), suddenly finds itself subjected to more infections than it can hope to cure: As burning fevers, agues pale and faint, Life-poisoning pestilence and frenzies wood, The marrow-eating sickness whose attaint Disorder breeds by heating of the blood (739-42). At the same time Venus loses control over her body. As she hurries through the woods after the sound of Adonis' horn, her body is subjected to the intrusive gropings of bushes: Some catch her by the neck, some kiss her face, / Some twine about her thigh to make her stay (872-3). This attack on Venus' physical body, and her inability to stop it renders her even more powerless, and her dominating sexuality is turned to frightened reserve as she searches for Adonis. Her efforts to entice Adonis through her pastoral metaphors have failed, even after she evidences her love through the tangible elements of Nature. In the first half of Shakespeare's poem Venus struggles to create a poetic Eden out of the substance of Adonis' body and her own. She tells him that

French and Latin Diplomatic Terms

French and Latin Diplomatic Terms French and Latin Diplomatic Terms French and Latin Diplomatic Terms By Mark Nichol For hundreds of years, France was a world power militarily, economically, and culturally, and thus its language became the political, well, lingua franca. Although the nation is no longer a superpower (yet influential in world affairs), the French language is still well represented in the vocabulary of diplomacy- as is its precursor, Latin. This post lists and defines words adopted directly from French (and Latin) into diplomatic discourse, now dominated by English. (Each term is followed by an English translation. Latin terms are designated with the abbreviation L.; all other terms are from French.) Acte final (â€Å"final act†): A formal statement summarizing the results of a conference between representatives of two or more nations. Agrà ©ment (â€Å"agreement†): Approval by a nation’s government of a proposed new ambassador or other diplomat to represent another nation’s interest in the first nation before the diplomat is appointed Aide mà ©moire (â€Å"memory aid†): A summary of key points of an official conversation between representatives of two nations, prepared by one party and submitted to the other at the end of the meeting or at a later time to aid memory. Alternat (â€Å"alternate†): The principle that when two or more nations enter into an agreement, each nation’s official designation will be listed first on its respective copy of the agreement when copies are distributed to representatives of each nation. Ambassador extraordinary and ambassador plenipotentiary: These phrases are alterations of, rather than direct borrowings from, French, but the syntax of compound nouns consisting of postpositive adjectives (in which an adjective that further specifies a noun follows the noun) is an artifact of French. (Other examples include â€Å"attorney general.†) Attachà © (â€Å"attached†): Any of several various officers in an embassy, including one or more attachà ©s representing the military branches of the nation represented by the embassy; professional specialists known as, for example, the cultural attachà ©; or junior ambassadorial officers. Also, part of the phrase â€Å"attachà © case,† denoting a type of briefcase, originally used by such officers to carry documents, that became popular for general use. Bout de papier (â€Å"piece of paper†): A document for conveying information between an embassy and the government of the host nation that is more informal than an aide memoire or a memorandum. Chargà © d’affaires, a.i. (â€Å"in charge of business in the interim†): Originally, without the abbreviation (for â€Å"ad interim†), the designation for an embassy official ranking below an ambassador or a minister; now, with the abbreviation, the term for an official substituting for the ambassador in his or her absence. Communiquà © (â€Å"communication†): A carefully managed and innocuous public statement summarizing the result of a meeting between representatives of two or more nations. By extension, a synonym, in general usage, for bulletin. Concordat (â€Å"agreement†): An agreement between one or more nations and the Vatican. Consul (L., â€Å"one who consults†): Any one of various officials, subordinate to an ambassador, who represents a nation’s political and economic interests in a major city of another nation and supports the interests of other citizens of his or her nation who are visiting, or living in, the host nation. The office of a consul is a consulate, a lower-ranking official is a vice consul, and an honorary consul is a citizen of a host nation appointed by another nation to represent its interests in the absence of a consulate and its officials. During the time of the Roman Republic, and briefly in France following the French Revolution, the term denoted one of two (in Rome) or three (in France) chief magistrates who led the government. Demarchà © (â€Å"walk†): An official overture by an ambassadorial diplomat to representatives of a host nation about a matter of concern to the diplomat’s nation, usually made in conjunction with a request for action or a decision on the part of the host nation. The term derives from the notion of the diplomat walking to the office of a host nation’s representative to discuss the matter in question. Dà ©tente (â€Å"relaxation†): An easing of tension between nations. Entente (â€Å"understanding†): A relationship between two or more nations with similar interests or objectives, resulting in an oral or written agreement less formal than a treaty (from the phrase â€Å"entente cordial,† or â€Å"friendly understanding†). By extension, the term also denotes a coalition of parties to such a relationship. Exequatur (L., â€Å"let him perform†): a document issued by the government of a host nation that authorizes a consul to perform his or her duties in that nation. Ex gracia (L., â€Å"by grace†): An action performed as a gesture of goodwill rather than an obligation. Modus vivendi (L., â€Å"manner of living†): A temporary interim written agreement composed as a record that stands until the final document is completed. In general usage, denotes a practical compromise or a way of life. Persona non grata (L., â€Å"unacceptable person†): A person from another nation that the government of a host nation considers unacceptable or unwelcome. By extension in general usage, any such person in a social situation. Rapporteur (â€Å"reporter†): A representative of a committee or a subcommittee responsible for preparing a summary of its proceedings. Rapprochement (â€Å"a bringing together†): Establishment of improved relations between two nations. By extension in general usage, any such reconciliation between any two parties. Tour d’horizon (â€Å"overview†): A general discussion between diplomats of different nations about topics that concern both or all nations. Ultimatum (L., â€Å"final†): A final statement of position issued by representatives of one nation’s government to another, sometimes as a preliminary to a declaration of war. By extension in general usage, any statement by one party to another expressing a demand that will, if not met, result in stated or implied consequences. Visa (L., â€Å"seen†): A document authorizing a citizen of one nation temporary or permanent residence in another nation. Also, the following abbreviations are employed in social correspondence between diplomats and representatives of a host nation as shorthand for various sentiments: P.C.: â€Å"pour condoler† (â€Å"for sympathy†) P.F.: â€Å"pour fà ©liciter† (â€Å"for congratulations†) P.M.: â€Å"pour memoire† (â€Å"for a reminder†) P.P.: â€Å"pour presenter† (â€Å"for introduction†) P.P.C.: â€Å"pour prendre congà ©Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"for taking leave†) P.R.: â€Å"pour remercier† (â€Å"for thanks†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of Language8 Writing Tips for Beginners10 Tips About How to Write a Caption

Database assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Database - Assignment Example This whole function has brought a breakthrough in the fields of re-engineering, modeling and construction. Considering a data model, it is a flowchart or diagram that brings out the specific relationships present within data values. Effective data management requires that relationships between data be accurately determined and represented. It is therefore a process that should not be ignored. Data models which are efficiently designed allow for identification of errors and misconceptions that might be present in a data range. Data modeling has been given different approaches due to its importance. According to Burbank, these approaches include the following: Physical data modeling This type of modeling makes use of the current facilities and specific constraints of a particular database management system. It provides database specific kind of representation of a data model. Conceptual data modeling This kind of data modeling makes use of concepts and their specific relationships appl icable to databases. It explains the nature of a database using a series of assumptions and semantics. Logical data modeling This is a type of data modeling whereby specific data representations of a given company are explained using relationships and entities. Moreover, it is not dependent of any specific technology of data management. Enterprise data modeling In this modeling, graphical models are used to represent data in a company. This implies that outputs like XML Schemas (XSD) and Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) are used to provide data model outputs. (Burbank, 2011) In an attempt to make data modeling more efficient and realistic, several data modeling software have been developed over the past few years. For instance, CA Erwin Data Modeler and Oracle Data Modeler are some of the modeling software that are now widely used all over the world. These two programs have made data modeling more efficient, faster and cheaper than using the conventional methods. This paper will provide deeper insight on both Erwin and Oracle data modeler tools. The two programs will also be compared and their key features and functionalities outlined. Overview of CA Erwin Data Modeler Erwin data modeler is a data modeling tool used to perform the same function by several companies and organizations. There are also several other companies that uses the same data modeler throughout the globe. This program was initially developed by a renowned software developer known as Logic Works. Platinum Technology later purchased it in 1998. In 1999, Computer Associates purchased Platinum and is the same company that directly markets it. As a modern data modeling software, Erwin support a wide variety of database design functions that encompasses the following: Data modeling Forward engineering (This involves the process of creating a specific physical database and database schema model while relying on the grounds of data model) Reverse engineering(Where data models are created in rega rds to a pre-existing model of data) These functions are applicable in Erwin for various relational database hierarchical structures that cover a wide variety of used databases (Burbank, 2011). Erwin can be used to perform data modeling for different types of databases like information systems, database transactional systems, data marts and several others. Erwin support various displays of diagrams drawn or structured from different perspectives. For instance, it allows for viewing and manipulation of

ETHICAL DECISION Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ETHICAL DECISION - Research Paper Example I append below my views on the matter: A. Three possible decision alternatives to address the problem regarding the whistles: 1. Withdraw the entire consignment of the order and arrange to have cancellation of the order. If any advance payment has been made, to arrange to have it refunded to the customer. 2. Let the consignment go as it is upon the assumption that just a few whistles have been carrying the high lead content and the others are quite safe for children’s use. 3. Further carry randomized checks on lead content of the whistles contained in the consignment and bifurcate the passable whistles vis-a-vis the reject able ones. Make a fresh consignment containing only the Quality Check (QC) passed whistles. Thus, the three alternatives and their explanations before the company in the wake of this contingency are as follows: (A) Arrange for total withdrawal of the tainted consignment and arrange for cancellation of the order and refund of the money if paid by the buyer. . .. However the reputation and goodwill of the company in terms of ethical and moral values is intact and no legal action would ensue since the consignment has been called back. The main advantages of this alternative would be that the company would not lose face or face lawsuits for supplying toxic whistles. The disadvantage would be the loss of the entire shipment and losses of $100,000 (b) The second alternative would be to allow the consignment to go on as though nothing has happened, and presume that the toxicity would be minor and negligible confined to just a few odd whistles, which would have been there, anyway, considering the bulk of the shipment. Sometimes, companies need to take such risks, in the greater interests of business and in order to circumvent economic losses, or lowered profits. It is quite possible that these may be few in numbers and not create a major issue with customers. The main advantage is that economic losses would be avoided but the disadvantages would st em from probable lawsuits and loss of business reputation. In the event the Government institutes an inquiry to alleged high toxic levels in toys, the company would be in real trouble. The ethical aspects are also heavily compromised since the company is taking a calculated risk that its products would be accepted without further inspection by health authorities. (c) The third alternative seems to be the most sensible and rational under the circumstances, that is, once again, carry out thorough checks on lead content of the whistles contained in the consignment and separate the Quality Checked whistles vis-a-vis the rejectable ones. Make a fresh consignment containing only the Quality

Men are from Mars and Women are from Venus Essay Example for Free

Men are from Mars and Women are from Venus Essay According to John Gray, men and women completely differ in their style of communication which corroborates the illusion that they are from different planets. However, their communications style differs and they work and be trained to become accustomed to these communication perspectives to live and work together in harmony. Women are more emotional than men and hence men used to mock the girls irrelevance talks. Actually women are termed as a weaker sex as they always want men to respect to their feelings more particularly about relationships, other personal problems and about family matters. In such matters, women expect that men will respect their feelings by extending emotional support and understanding. Relationships end in catastrophic disaster when each other does not understand each feelings and emotions. When the relationship ends in serious disaster, the women have to understand that man is completely diverse from everything and she has not accustomed to and tried to adapt to the differences in her relationship. Communication between men and women are so diverse that it takes many years for a complete understanding in a relationship. Even insignificant resemblance in communication style that binds a couple together while one tries to iron out the larger differences. In ordinary life, it is an established fact that men wants to be respected and women wish to know whether they are being truly loved by men. A successful couple is one who is able to achieve this and in such cases no doubt, good communication will be the end result. Thus, John Gray’s assertion that men and women are from different planets in terms of communications is really a convincing one. Thus, communication between men and women are pursued through two languages. The male language is used as a general warning that he is in a cave or on his path to the cave. Gray here uses cave to describe the ways and means men use to iron out their differences or to deal with an issue. When men face some problem, they wish to be alone or in his cave in complete solitude. [Gray, 1993, p. 22]. However, the reaction of a women will be completely different if they face with issues and when communicating with their spouse. As per Gray, women employ metaphors, superlative and poetic licenses to express their feelings. Moreover, there are chances that men may misunderstood this poetic licenses expressed by women. [Gray. 1993, p. 17]. It is the exact scenario where men and women ignore to appreciate the exact significances of the each other expressions and due to this, Gray has introduced Venusians / Martian dictionary in his book. This dictionary could be much help to iron out these misunderstandings in associations and relationships. According to Gray, men and women communicate in different languages and hold opposing views. Many common people are of the view that Gray’s metaphor is having more relevance and match their very own experiences on the subject. According to Gray, women have to gain knowledge of men before fostering a successful companionship. [Gray, 1993. p. 21]. Likewise, when men are disturbed or strained, they automatically keep silent and return to their cave to sort the things out. [Gray, 1993, p. 21]. Women at this juncture understood that his spouse wants to be alone to sort out things by himself without her interruption. Further, Gray is of the view that there is a need for men to know that women like to share and communicate things through in a more non-solution and in a complex way. [Gray, 1993, p. 35]. There is a complete need on the part of men to aware that women also long that their feelings and emotions are to be honored when they are upset, depressed and troubled and it is duty of the men to make her more comfort and to assuage her feelings in such scenarios. [Gray, 1993, p. 35]. As Gray details it, his book is for the people who wish to have an appreciative feature of gender associated with their counseling. Gray’s objective is to assist women to appreciate men and to take the ignominy out by counseling and by assisting men to have a more constructive approach to therapy as ‘even healthy relationships need a counselor. Gray longs to be a worldwide translator between Venusians and Martians. He has not indulged in the argument that one is superior to the other but stresses that they are dissimilar. Thus, Gray summarizes his views: â€Å"It is time to appreciate and authenticate gender variances. Do not try to change the attitude of one’s partner. Men have to seize the situation and understand and women should acknowledge and appreciate the things which men does and if he feel appreciated, he will no doubt listen. Gray is of the view that even though the customary function of contributor and nurturer may be often changing, women and men still have fundamental hormonal variances. However, due to rapid transformation, women have crossed over in the man’s world and hence the two worlds have come together now. If one has great appreciation of how these people in different world imagine and act, one will have a real harmony but not a friction. According to Gray, men and women have varied and complimentary emotional requirements. One can define a man’s sense of self through his capability to get results while a female’s sense of self is explained through her feelings and eminence of her relationships. Hence, women expect that her feeling shall have to be respected and honored while men demand that his feelings have to be appreciated and respected. Gray is of the opinion that rubber band theory well explains the metaphor of male intimacy cycle. As men experience the need for autonomy or independence, they draw away as rubber bond do when it is stretched to the limit. Men will pull back with power and spirit as rubber band do if they are given opportunity to move back to their positions or caves. If women demand that men should be intimate and close all of the time, they will become flaccid and limp, by losing their power and strength. [Gray, 1993, p. 35]. Gray book emphasizes diverse of theory. Gray could not able to offer no more plausible explanation other than his planet metaphor on men and women relationships. Gray tries to illustrate the basic differences that exist in men and women characteristics. Gray has cited examples like men disgust to demand for directions as it would put them down while women not at all prefer it. Men longs to talk in public as an exposure of their sound knowledge remains mum at home whereas women tries to express their feelings in home rather than in public places as their main objective of their intimacy. CONCLUSION: The reader of the book will understand that men and women communicate in different languages and hold opposing views. Readers will appreciate that Gray’s metaphor is having more relevance and match their very own experiences on the subject. No doubt, communication plays very significant role in men and women relationship. If one tries to honor and respect the feelings of spouse, there will not any marital issues at all. I would recommend that all who in the phase of establishing relationship and those are already tied their marital knots should read the book to lead a pleasant, happy married life. The readers of the book will understand that â€Å"It is time to appreciate and authenticate gender variances. Do not try to change the attitude of one’s partner. Men have to seize the situation and understand and women should acknowledge and appreciate the things which men does and if he feel appreciated, he will no doubt listen. Gray is of the view that difference between men and women are consistent and are of more biological and natural. Thus, Gray book seems to emphasize and respect the male and female differences. REFERENCES Gray, John. [1993]. Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus: A Practical Guide For Improving Communication and Getting What You Want in Relationships. HarperCollins

Professional Advertising Agency and British Airways Promotional Campai

A Professional Advertising Agency Contributes to British Airways' Promotional Campaign A professional campaign can contribute to a promotional campaign in many ways which could help BA to establish a stronger message to the public, an advertising agency depending on its experience in dealing with big company like BA can contribute a professional handling of all BA’s advertising needs. This means handling BA’s advertising campaign from start till finish, the agency even deals with the expenses of their clients promotional campaign. An agency guarantees a professional and fresh approach to advertising because a big company like BA who handles its own advertising after years can run out of ideas, that’s where a professional agency comes into picture it enables the company to offload some of its advertising responsibilities so that the business can focus on other aspects of the company without having to worry about their promotional campaign. An advertising agency can contribute to their clients in terms of successful promotional campaign by helping their clients to: Â · Use innovative approach – this means an agency can help a company to look at other aspect of approaching customers, other ways of getting the message across. An agency can make a company more effective in communicating with customers. Â · Plan media – this means an advertising agency also contributes key areas such as media selection. Advertising agency also involves around media planni...

Sociological Perspectives of Violence

The focus of this paper is an overview of different research articles on racism and structural violence against the aboriginal. Violence will be looked at from three schools of thoughts namely the structural, conflict and process theories. The views of these different approaches to violence will be critically analyzed, but no value judgments will be placed on any of their perceptions of violence. Racism According to Headley (2000), racism is â€Å"the infliction of unequal consideration, motivated by the desire to dominate, based on race alone (p. 23). Headley further explains that this definition accommodates the distinction between â€Å"true racism† which is the desire to harm or dominate others solely on the basis of race, and â€Å"ordinary racism† which he sees as universal features of human biology (p. 224). Headley further maintained that a racist is not merely someone who wishes to put down another’s    race, but also suppress and assert his/her own s uperiority through a violent act (p. 224).Naiman (2006) defines racism as hostility, aggression, and antagonism toward non-members of a particular group based on their physical characteristics, notably skin colour (p. 265). Similarly, Spencer (1998) sees racism as â€Å"the transformation of race prejudice and / or ethnocentrism through the exercise of power against a racial group defined as inferior, by individual and institution† (p. 1). To infer from the foregoing definitions, a common attribute of racism is the belief that one’s own race is superior to another.This belief is based on the erroneous assumption that physical attributes of members of a racial group determine their social behaviour as well as their psychological and intellectual characteristics (Spencer, 1998, p. 5). Historical Roots of Racism. The term racism became popularized in the late 1960’s during the civil rights movement (Headley, 2000, p. 235). Prior to this time according to Headley, t he term ethnic prejudice was used (p. 236). Naiman (2006) posits that racism is a relatively recent phenomenon, and its emergence as a systematic world-view developed concurrently with the rise of capitalist and its global expansion (p. 66) Naiman further explains    that some scholars define forms of    social intolerance prior to this capitalist era as racism, but he however argues that such social intolerance is more precisely seen as ethnocentrism (preference for one’s own cultural traditions) or ethnic chauvinism (antagonism towards a particular group) (p. 267).Racism in Canada According to Naiman (2006), some Canadians like to believe that racism is a relatively recent phenomenon linked to modern immigration patterns or compared to United States, Canada has little history of overt racism (p. 69). Naiman, however, argues that racism in Canada has a long and sordid past, which in reality as described by him â€Å" is an unsightly history swept under the threadbare ru g of its national myths† (p. 269). Naiman further maintained that the history of racism in Canada begins with the subjugation of Canada’s aboriginal people. Violence Anglin (1998), states that an uncontroversial, exhaustive and precise definition of violence is difficult to find. â€Å"Violence is understood as an incident in which an acting individual intentionally injures another† (p. 146).Anglin further explains that the action of the perpetrator can be physical, or psychological. In same vein, Steinmetz (1989) defines violent as â€Å"an act carried out with the intension of, or perceived as having the intension of physically hurting another person†. Strasburg (1978) defines violence as â€Å"illegal use or threat of force against a person†. From the foregoing, it can be infer that violent behavior means physical force exerted for the purpose of violating or abusing. There are three key terms which are likely to be present for any action to be c lassified as a violent act.The action must be intentional, force may be applied and the action must result in harm (physical, psychological and emotional). Human behaviour does not occur in isolation or in vacuum but it is influenced by the interplay of many other factors. Consequently, different schools of thoughts about violence, view any violent act as a precursor of other factors. For example, the Conflict, Structural, and Process theories. Conflict theory Conflict theory is better understood as the Marxist theory. According to the theory, â€Å"Crime is perceived as a function of competition for limited resources†.That is, a social status in which an individual is perceived evaluated and treated accordingly by legal authorities. The Marxist view is that conflict between these class-based social hierarchies, the haves (bourgeoisie), and has not (proletariat) that produces violent behavior. According to Holmes (1988), the difference between these two classes is a matter of relative power . Holmes further explains that the ruling class have sufficient power hence, they are able to label some proletariat’s behavior as criminal Structural theoryThe structural theory on the other hand, sees violence from the perception of cultural forces or neighborhood conditions. That is, our behavior is a product of our environment. The world we live in, shapes our lives. Since our environment is not static, our behavior revolves around this dynamism. The structural approach holds the view that the way certain things are structured by the society creates violent acts. For example, consider the film Elephant; the structural theory will argue that it is because of the way society is structured, that people are able to acquire weapons to perpetuate violence.Similarly, heterogeneity of society inherently creates violence. This is because according to the theory, there is bound to be such issues as cultural or religious conflicts due to these differences. Process th eory According to the proponent of this theory, crime is a function of socialization and upbringing. Delinquent behaviour is learned like every other behavior through association with significant others and reference groups, especially parents and peers. It is through observation and interaction with these significant others; we learn techniques for engaging in delinquent acts.According to Process theory, all forms of violent acts are learned through imitation and observation. For example in the movie Elephant, the Process theory argues that the two serial killers learned such violent acts through the use of violent computer games and imitation of the Nazi’s leader, Hitler. The argument advanced by these different schools of thought appears convincing, because violence in society can be explained through each of these approaches. When these schools of thought are viewed critically, there appears to be a probing question that needs to be answered.Among each of these theories w hich contributes more to violence in society? Considering the importance of each of these schools of thought, it will be difficult if not impossible to adequately explain violence from the perception of one of these approaches. This is true because each of these approaches interplay to influence one’s behaviour depending on the situation. For example, using the movie Elephant, the Process Theory will argue that the serial killers learned their dastardly act through watching    violent video games (observation) their attempt to imitate Nazi’s leader Hitler was the precursor of their actions.On the other hand, the Structural Theory will argue that it is because of the way society is structured that the serial killers were able acquired guns to perpetuate their acts. Similarly, if society is structured in such a way that getting violent computer games are almost impossible to get, perhaps the killers might not be able to procure such weaponry or learn violent behaviour. In same vein, the Conflict Approach says the power struggle between the ruling class and the working class creates imbalance family structure, which they claim resulted in poor parental upbringing.This results in violent acts because the children are not properly catered for. The Role and Effect of the mass media on Violence Research on media influence in violence has been concerned with possible negative effects of exposure to violent films. What messages, for example do children take away from their exposure to various violent movies? According to the Observational Learning Theory Bandura, et al, in their Bobo doll study cited in Holmes (1988), explains that the media encourages children to solve their problems by violent means; they further maintain that constant exposure to violence normalizes violence (p. 100).Critics of the Bobo doll experiment have pointed out that the doll was the type of toy that invited aggression, and also since the filmstrip used in the experiment lacke d a plot, it contained no justification for the violence of children. .Other scholars like Alfred Hitchcock’s as cited in Holmes (1988) argues that tracing the direct effects of the media is a very difficult task. The reason for this according to him is that when the media operates in the natural environment, their influence is only one factor among many other factors; this is because what they see and hear is most likely monitored by their parents (p. 8). Hitchcock further explains that even when children are exposed to violent movies through the media, this violent act is further reinforced if the parent’s, themselves also engages in any forms of violence. The media reflects nearly every aspect of a society; these reflections are not necessarily accurate. This is because violence is not accurately represented by the media. The news media in particular, provides an important forum in which violent acts are selectively gathered up, invested with a broader meaning, and made available to public consumption (Ksenych, 2003, p. 35).The media has the power to shape the issue and to shape the consciousness of viewers by sensationalizing and trivializing cases of abuse. A good example of this is the misleading representation of    the percentage of violence as reported by the media and the one reported by statistics Canada (Ksenych, 2003 p. 35). Structural Violence Structural Violence according to Anglin (1998) â€Å"is violence produced by structures of domination, form of expropriation of vital economic and non-material resources and operations of systems of social stratification or categorization that subvert people’s chances of survival† (p. 46). Through structural forms of violence, persons are socially and culturally marginalized in ways that deny them the opportunity for emotional and physical wellbeing.Walker (2003) sees Structural Violence as â€Å"the constraints on human potential caused by economic and political structuresâ⠂¬  (p. 1). Similarly, Fiske (2006) contrasts â€Å"Structural Violence† and â€Å"Direct Violence†. Fiske argues that structural violence is manifested in social inequalities, and almost always invisible, embedded in social structures. Direct violent on the other hand, is overt and has a perpetrator of the harmful actions (p. 47). Thus, structural violence occurs whenever people are at disadvantaged by political, economic and cultural traditions. Structural Violence on the Aboriginal People The â€Å"stolen generation† is the name generally given to the Aboriginal families adopted into non Aboriginal families as a result of government policies on assimilation (Mellor, 2006, p. 82). According to Holmes (1998) the first British and French colonist made contact with the Aborigines primarily to exploit their labour power in the fur trade (p. 270). Holmes further explains that the Aborigines were under paid in exchange of their labour.Furthermore, as the fur trade declined and agriculture expanded the colonists forcefully took over the valuable lands inhabited by the Aboriginal people. Fiske (2006) sees structural violence against the Aboriginal from the perception of cultural marginalization. Fiske explains after confederation, the Canadian government used assimilation to gain control over the Aborigines. The tool used to promote this end was the Indian act of 1876 (p. 248). This act not only controls every aspect of the lives of the native people, but it also laid out who would be bound or not bound by the act.For example, the â€Å"Status Indians† were those bound by the act, and were prohibited by the act from owning lands, from voting, and from purchasing or consuming alcohol. By same token, the groups not included in the act are â€Å"Non-Status Indian†. Fiske further explains that prior to 1985, the Aborigines women were excluded from Indian register when they married non-Indians. Similarly, these women were not only forc ed out of their community, but were also stripped of their rights to property inheritance. The children born in this marriage were also denied Indian status.By same token, Walker, (2003) explains that there was also forms of structural violence against indigenous knowledge production (p. 37). This is evidence in Eurocentric research paradigms which distort indigenous experience as expressed in the following quote    â€Å"To assume that phenomena from another world view can be adequately explained from a totally foreign world view is the essence of psychological and philosophical imperialism†. Consequently, forcing indigenous researchers to fit their approach within western paradigms ignores the premise that all research paradigms have a pecific cultural foundation. Walker further explains that this cultural bias of the dominant western society is based on the assumptions that the western methodology was universal (p. 38). From the foregoing, it can be seen that the indigen ous people of Canada were not only subjected to forms of inhuman condition, they saw the theft of their resources and       culture,    marginalization, and discrimination (Naiman, 2006, p. 272).

Book Response Burned by Ellen Hopkins Essay

Burned written by Ellen Hopkins Is a great novel, and worth the time to read. Burned is about a teen girl who was born and raised a Mormon; Pattyn Von Stratten she is like most teenagers growing up. Her family is extremely religious but in the same prospective her father is a drunk and very abusive. Pattyn is tired of living the fairytale of a Mormon lifestyle and ready to be energized with her own free spirit and way of life. Pattyn slowly starts to rebel against her family, school, church. While her father spends most of his time drunk; its left up to her mother to take care of the house hold and make sure everything is all in perfect running order to not upset Pattyn’s father. Pattyn begins rebelling even more so than she thought it would go. She gets suspended from school and gets sent to live with her aunt who she doesn’t even know. This is the beginning of it all the worst mistake her father could have made and where Pattyn makes decisions that are about to change her life completely. Pattyn soon falls in love with a boy names Ethan who she is bound to be attached to. Pattyn doesn’t see it but she is headed down the complete wrong path and when all she wanted is attention she’s going to get much more attention that she has intended to get. Ellen Hopkins is showing the themes of abuse and dysfunctional relationship, Pattyn’s father is an abusive drunk. I also think Hopkins is showing the theme of growing up and finding your destiny and who you are, when Pattyn is sent to live with her aunt in Nevada and basically create a whole new agenda for herself. Along with dysfunctional relationship, she’s displaying what love is like, too, when the character falls in love. I think she’s trying to prove that life doesn’t always go as planned and you have to work yourself around the problems that you find in life, and bad decision could change your life forever. I believe the main purpose of the novel is to reach out to teens. Ellen Hopkins expresses many different themes in her novel but one main theme I believe is im portant is physiological. Pattyn goes through many different stages of growing up and expressing her true self. She becomes more social with guys and becomes more of a social butterfly then the Mormon nerd she used to be. Pattyn lashes out and rebels against her family and church in many different ways. When Pattyn is set to live with her aunt she meets a boy and which she ends up in a relationship. Pattyn starts growing up and learning more about her sexual self and starts dreaming about all the what if’s. Pattyn starts to experiment with her new boyfriend Ethan and when she goes back home she shares the secret to her family that she is pregnant. Attempting to escape her father’s wrath, Pattyn and Ethan take off for California, unaware that Trevor, a â€Å"perfect Mormon child† who loved Pattyn, has written down the car’s license plate number. When her father finds out, he calls his â€Å"Highway patrolman friend† to track them down, to find them on an icy road. Ethan speeds up in attempt to lose the patrolman, but loses control of his car and crashes. Pattyn wakes up in the hospital, to find out that both Ethan and their baby are dead. Her father disowns her, unable to bear the recent events. Pattyn is left with a life changing decision in the end; shoot and kill all those who caused her pain and Ethan and their baby’s deaths, or move on? Pattyn states that if her father would just say he loved her she would spare him. Ellen Hopkins is an amazing author and has a unbelievable way of relating to teens. Burned is just one of her fabulous novels all having a great meaning to the lives of teens. If I was asked if I would recommend Ellen Hopkins novels I would say she has a great way of reach out to teens in her books and educating them in a non-boring way and I enjoy reading and looking forward to any novel she creates.

Article Review for Rwandan Students, Ethnic Tensions Lurk

Article Review for Rwandan Students, Ethnic Tensions Lurk Genocide is considered to be one of the gravest offences against humanity as it is evidenced by its listing among the offenses that the ICC have jurisdiction. When talking about Genocide, one of the countries that comes to one’s mind is Rwanda. To many, Rwanda learnt from the Genocide and is now engaged in reconstruction. However, Kron (1) raises issues that worry people around the world. In his article, Kron provides key indirect question that is asked all around.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Article Review for Rwandan Students, Ethnic Tensions Lurk specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This question is whether it is worth keeping the nation mum and assume that ethnicity is non-existent while it is actually there. The article provides that this idea is absolutely wrong. Despite the government’s efforts to keep ethnicity away, it still resurfaces in another way. Mentioning Hutu or Tutsi is forbidden, but it is just the name that was changed, ethnicity still thrives. The quote from the article provides that: â€Å"Linguistic lines,† in this case, is a code for the ethnic groups that dare not to speak their names. Although the linguistic differences are not cut and dried, for students â€Å"French speakers† means Hutu and â€Å"English speakers† means Tutsi, specifically those who returned from refugee life in English-speaking Uganda after 1994 and now run the country (Kron 1). The larger debate that arises in Kron’s article is on the moral dilemma with regard to civic responsibilities of both the government and the citizens, as well as the role that ethnicity plays in this study. Should the government simply stay away from the debate, or it is obliged to bury ethnicity into the sand and hope the cover is not washed away by the tides. Within contemporary setting, ethnicity is viewed as a means by which individualism occurs and help people to define their pe rsonal identity, as well as kind of social stratification which arises when groups are formed on the basis of perceptual common origins/background (Rubenstein 234). Ethnic group members believe in a common ancestry, as well as culture which points them out from others. Basically, formation of such groups is characterized by inclusionary, as well as exclusionary traits. Realistically, kinship cannot be undermined within a society. The community must learn to live with it. However, the case presented by Kron (2011) goes beyond merely fighting ethnicity and creating a unified country, it is also the government that strives to hold on the power by maiming any source that can challenge authority.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Otherwise, why would the professor be jailed for five years for criticizing the president? In the end, it is clear that despite the governments ef forts to ensure that the issue of culture does not creep in, diffusionism still occurs within the Rwanda society assuming that university is a presentations of the larger Rwandan society. Diffusionism reflects transmission of traits from one generation to another (Rubenstein 234). In my opinion, the article discusses the government that strives to muzzle its population in order to hold power, than really focuses on the consequences of genocide and eradicating ethnic animosity. It reflects a community that cannot experience its opinions because the government would not allow it on the pretext of warding off ethnic animosities. However, the reality is that the communities will always find a way of bringing out their ethnic differences. Perhaps, the best way would be to let the society talk about what happened and learn from it. After all, the community cannot be muzzled forever. Not with diffusioning taking place. Kron, Josh. For Rwandan Students, Ethnic Tensions Lurk. Butare Journal . 2010. Web. Rubenstein, James. Ethnicity, the Cultural Landscape, an Introduction to Human Geography (10th Ed.). London: McGraw Hill, 2008.

How to Style Compounds After the Noun

How to Style Compounds After the Noun How to Style Compounds After the Noun How to Style Compounds After the Noun By Mark Nichol Most but not all phrasal adjectives (two words that combine to modify a noun hence the alternate name, compound modifiers) are hyphenated, which is confusing enough though easily resolved: If a permanent compound is listed in the dictionary as open, no hyphen is necessary; otherwise, hyphenate. But that applies only before the noun. What happens after the noun is a whole other matter: Usually, phrasal adjectives and similar (or similar-looking) constructions are left open in that position. Here’s a rundown on hyphenation rules for various types of compounds: Categories Age compound: â€Å"The eighteen-year-old (boy),† but â€Å"He is eighteen years old.† Color compound: â€Å"The sky-blue paint,† but â€Å"The paint is sky blue.† Fraction compound: â€Å"A half-mile walk,† but â€Å"a walk of a half mile.† Number, spelled out: â€Å"Fifty-one,† â€Å"five hundred,† five hundred one,† â€Å"two thousand twenty-two.† (Hyphenate tens-ones figures in isolation and in larger figures, but leave open all other combinations of places.) Number plus noun: â€Å"A five-year plan,† but a plan that will take five years†; â€Å"a four-and-a-half-inch gap,† but â€Å"a gap of four and a half inches†; â€Å"the fourth-floor office,† but â€Å"an office on the fourth floor.† Number plus superlative: â€Å"The third-tallest player,† but â€Å"a player who is third tallest.† Time: â€Å"They’re going to the eight o’clock screening† and â€Å"The meeting starts at six (o’clock)†; â€Å"I have a five-thirty plane to catch,† but â€Å"I’ll meet you at five thirty† (always open when time is on the hour, and hyphenated before the noun but open after when time is between hours). Parts of Speech Adjectival phrase: â€Å"His matter-of-fact manner,† but â€Å"His manner was matter of fact.† Adjective plus noun: â€Å"A low-class joint,† but â€Å"The joint is low class.† Adjective identifying origin or location plus noun: â€Å"An Indo-European language† and â€Å"the French-Spanish border,† but â€Å"She is a Japanese American† and â€Å"the latest Middle East crisis† (open unless the first term is a prefix or there is a sense of a distinction between the elements). Adjective plus participle or adjective: â€Å"His long-suffering wife,† but â€Å"his wife is long suffering.† Adverb ending in -ly plus participle or adjective: â€Å"Her rapidly beating heart† (always open). Adverb not ending in -ly plus participle: â€Å"The little-read novel,† but â€Å"The novel is little read.† (See â€Å"More About Adverbs,† below.) Noun phrase: â€Å"A feather in your cap,† but â€Å"He’s a jack-of-all-trades† (open unless hyphenated in the dictionary). Noun plus adjective: â€Å"The family-friendly restaurant,† but â€Å"The restaurant is family friendly.† Noun plus gerund: â€Å"A note-taking lesson,† but â€Å"a lesson in note taking.† (But beware of closed noun-plus-gerund compounds like matchmaking.) Noun plus noun, the first one modifying the second: â€Å"A tenure-track position,† but â€Å"She’s on the tenure track.† (But leave permanent compounds like â€Å"income tax† open even before a noun, and check for closed noun-plus-noun compounds like bartender.) Noun plus noun, equivalent: City-state, nurse-practitioner (always hyphenated). Noun plus letter or number: â€Å"A size 34 waist,† â€Å"the type A personality† (never hyphenated). Noun plus participle: â€Å"A problem-solving exercise,† but â€Å"time for some problem solving.† Participle plus noun: â€Å"Working-class families,† but â€Å"members of the working class.† Participle plus prepositional adverb plus noun: â€Å"Turned-up nose,† but â€Å"Her nose was turned up.† More About Adverbs When less or more modifies an adjective, such as in â€Å"a less frequent occurrence†/â€Å"an occurrence that is less frequent† or â€Å"a more qualified candidate†/â€Å"a candidate who is more qualified,† the phrase is not hyphenated either before or after a noun. The same is true of least and most unless ambiguity is possible. For example, â€Å"a lesser-known rival† is a rival who is not as well known, but â€Å"a lesser known rival,† by contrast, might be a known rival of lesser consequence. Likewise, â€Å"the most-quoted orators† and â€Å"the most quoted orators† refer, respectively, to orators most frequently quoted and a majority of quoted orators. Again, however, the hyphenated version would be left open when it follows a noun, and would likely be worded differently than its counterpart that is not hyphenated before the noun, either. Also, when an adverb that is part of a modifying phrase is modified by another adverb, as in â€Å"a very much praised debut,† the phrase is not hyphenated at all, even though a hyphen would appear in â€Å"a much-praised debut.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business EmailsAwoken or Awakened?Particular vs. Specific

Art of Negotiation - advantages and disadvantages Assignment

Art of Negotiation - advantages and disadvantages - Assignment Example It is essential to adequately represent your interests, to make propositions on the solution of the problems discussed at negotiations. The negotiations will not be advantageous if a partner enters negotiations not considering their needs and purposes, difficulties and possible consequences. In this case a partner will be able only to make countermoves, i.e. react, but not to act. The negotiations will not be successful if in response to the statement of the partner the negotiator behaves not efficiently, but too emotionally, does not provide arguments, but only defends the position. Negotiations fail in case if a partner does not provide new facts in response, doesnt make new propositions, but simply states the known positions, which prevent the both parties from coming to mutual agreement. The negotiator isnt guided by common interests of joint responsibility for common business, doesnt allocate this aspect. It is important to reach the agreements, which would satisfy the interests of the whole society, not only the personal interests of the

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION &COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING Research Paper - 1

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION &COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING - Research Paper Example Revinate as a secondary data that holds information from third parties with most social media reviews including trip advisor, yelp, expedia and others. The data was collected through the consideration of Palomar hotel and the categorization of information in different fields such as the rooms, the bathroom, bed and others. Determination of the positive, neutral and the negative results provide a specific result as desired. The horizontal axis indicates the side that the customer’s performance levels get weighed on while the vertical axis represents the customers that showed satisfaction, dissatisfaction and neutrality in the service performances. Through the same, the competition for the business class is stiff between the two hotels and so the maintenance of the customers and the levels of improvement will determine how the retention aspect plays in keeping each participant in the market. The level of performance in service terms of Palomar Hotel is poor. The staff weighed in low on their service delivery and the customers were much satisfied by the cleanliness of the rooms and the bathrooms. The staff that the hotel has employed remains unsatisfying to the customers. The areas of strengths that the Palomar hotel has are in their room cleanliness and their bathrooms. The areas that need improvement include the areas of staff majorly. In the hotel business, the staff matter much and if their efforts and work does not much the expectations of the customers then the business gets affected. It is therefore wise for the hotel to consider reviewing their staff to ensure that the required quality of staff work in the hotel. The staff proves vital due to the fact that the better skilled the staff the more customer satisfaction achieved that could lead to more business and hence improved performance of the business. The level of staff has a huge impact on the customers in the business class. The consideration of

The Churchs Teaching On Euthanasia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Churchs Teaching On Euthanasia - Assignment Example A person suffering from severe pain may not deserve to experience it from a humanitarian point of view. Thus, euthanasia or an act of mercy killing has become one of the most debatable issues in contemporary time because for some it might be the right answer but for others, it is the wrong way around.For instance, Catholic Church strongly opposes euthanasia. It is evident that the church strongly believes that it is a crime before God. Catholic Church believes that it is only God who has the right to take back our lives since He creates them. Thus, He alone has the right to destroy what He has created. Euthanasia, as defined to be mercy killing, is just a way to eliminate the pain from the point of view of those who supported it. However, the Catholic Church strongly opposes it due to its strong stand that it is not actually eliminating the pain but actually the patient. This stand can be clearly elaborated based on how the Catholic Church defined the value of life (Vatican, 1980). I n this point of view of the church, euthanasia is considered a way just like of a murder in which the patient is denied his or her right to live. This is due to the point of the church that with euthanasia it is life by itself which has to be eliminated from the person. The Catholic Church strongly opposes euthanasia because based on its stand, the very act of eliminating life of an individual even though it may help him from not experiencing too much adverse pain should not be initiated by human hands.

Training Program Executive Summary Management Essay

Training Program Executive Summary Management Essay The Leadership Training program for z-Vision Incorporated is describes the process of the training program being design and how the training officer planned for it. This training program considers the impacts of business process changes for the eyewear industry and z-Vision Incorporated employees and provides a framework to equip and prepare end-users with the skills and knowledge necessary to perform efficiently in their respective to-be roles in the new business environment resulting from the implementation of this training program. Employees to be Train This Leadership Training program is designed for all the store managers. Objectives for the Training The main objective for the training program being designed is to ensure each store managers can be able to conduct training of staff in their respective store. In the mean time, its also to enhance their knowledge and skills in daily management for their respective store. Budget for the Training The total budget for the three days leadership training program is $ 36,000. In terms that each day of training need $12,000. Learning Evaluation Approach Once the training program has finished there will be a learning assessment will be conduct to the trainees and trainers to overview the training result. The evaluation results will be analyzed to determine if adjustments need to be made in the training approach and/or materials in order to maximize the learning environment for trainees. Table of Content 1.0 Introduction This report is written to provide suggestion for training officer at z-Vision Incorporated. And it is prepare a comprehensive Report to the management on the importance of training and proposed Training Plan for z-Vision Incorporated store managers. This training is intended to ensure each Store Manager has the knowledge of and basic skills to conduct training of staff in their respective store. It will include the importance of Training analysis, Conduct of Training Needs Analysis Planning of Training, Conduct of Training Needs Analysis Planning of Training, Program Budgeting analysis, Design and Development analysis, Delivery of Training, and Assessment of Learning Outcomes. 2.0 Importance of Training 2.1 Definition of Training Training can be best understood as planned, structured, and often formalized learning experiences that seek to develop specific skills and knowledge needed for effective job performance. Historically employees have learnt many of the competencies they need to perform effectively by be trained. (Author: Jannifer Gregory Encouraging Organizational Learning through Pay after a Corporate Downsizing) 2.2 Importance of Training If Z-Vision Incorporate consider its Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to be human assets, training and development represents an ongoing investment in these assets and one of the most significant Z-Vision Incorporate can make. Training involves Z-Vision Incorporate store managers acquiring knowledge and learning skills that they will be able to use immediately; Z-Vision Incorporate store managers development involves learning that will aid the Z-Vision Incorporate and Z-Vision Incorporate store managers later in the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers career. Many organizations use the term learning rather than training to emphasize the point that the activities engaged in as part of this developmental process are broad-based and involve much more than straightforward acquisition of manual or technical skills. (Author(s): Ajay M. Pangarkar, Teresa Kirkwood Strategic alignment: linking your learning strategy to the balanced scorecard) Optimum Utilization of Human Resources -Z-Vision Incorporate Training and Development helps in optimizing the utilization of human resource that further helps the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to achieve the organizational goals as well as their individual goals. Development of Human Resources -Z-Vision Incorporate Training and Development helps to provide an opportunity and broad structure for the development of human resources technical and behavioral skills in an organization. It also helps the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers in attaining personal growth.( Human resources development, employment and globalization in the hotel, catering and tourism sector.) Development of skills of employees Training and Development helps in increasing the job knowledge and skills of Z-Vision Incorporate store managers at each level. It helps to expand the horizons of human intellect and an overall personality of the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers. (Aliance Traning and Consulting. INC ) Productivity Training and Development helps in increasing the productivity of the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers that helps Z-Vision Incorporate further to achieve its long-term goal. Team spirit Training and Development helps in inculcating the sense of team work, team spirit, and inter-team collaborations. It helps in inculcating the zeal to learn within the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers.( Team Spirit Leadership Training http://www.showmeteamspirit.com/) Organization Culture Training and Development helps to develop and improve the Z-Vision Incorporate store health culture and effectiveness. It helps in creating the learning culture within the Z-Vision Incorporate. (Asim Khan, CEO Business Management Group, Inc Matching People with Organizational Culture) Organization Climate Training and Development helps building the positive perception and feeling about the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers. The Z-Vision Incorporate store managers get these feelings from leaders, subordinates, and peers. Quality Training and Development helps in improving upon the quality of work and work-life. Healthy work environment Training and Development helps in creating the healthy working environment. It helps to build good employee, relationship so that individual goals aligns with organizational goal.( Ron prewitt Signs of a healthy work Environment) Health and Safety Training and Development helps in improving the health and safety of the organization thus preventing obsolescence. Morale Training and Development helps in improving the morale of the work force. Image Training and Development helps in creating a better corporate image. Profitability Training and Development leads to improved profitability and more positive attitudes towards profit orientation. Training and Development aids in organizational development i.e. Organization gets more effective decision making and problem solving. It helps in understanding and carrying out organization policies Training and Development helps in developing leadership skills, motivation, loyalty, better attitudes, and other aspects that successful workers and managers usually display. 3.0 Conduct of Training needs Analysis Planning of Training A Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is used to assess an organizations training needs. The root of the TNA is the gap analysis. This is an assessment of the gap between the knowledge, skills and attitudes that the people in the organization currently possess and the knowledge, skills and attitudes that they require to meet the organizations objectives. The training needs assessment is best conducted up front, before training solutions are budgeted, designed and delivered. The output of the needs analysis will be a document that specifies why, what, who, when, where and how. (Author: Arman E. Manlalangit Training Needs Analysis) The training plan is for the store manager. They need to study leadership skills. Such as: knowing and using the resources of the group, Communication, Controlling group performance, take Ownership and Responsibility and so on. The six Es of training-why Z-Vision Incorporate train Z-Vision Incorporate store managers Engage Effective training provides the opportunity for Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to connect with the Z-Vision Incorporate, and its policies and methods of working. It helps to ensure that Z-Vision Incorporate store managers buy into, or engage with, Z-Vision Incorporates culture. It helps to make Z-Vision Incorporate store managers feel valued and develop working relationships with their colleagues. Educate Training can help to educate or increase the knowledge and awareness of individuals and terms. Enhance Training can help to enhance or improve the skills and competence of individuals and terms within an organization Empower By properly training employees, an organization can increase the accountability of teams and individuals, and can ensure that faster, better quality decisions can be made, while avoiding the need to pass decision making unnecessarily up to the organizational chain. Energize Participation in training can help to energize, motivate and inspire Z-Vision Incorporate store managers. It provides an opportunity. To take a step back and allows people to consider how they can best contribute towards the effectiveness of the Z-Vision Incorporate. Enlighten Training can also be an effective means of helping Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to see things in a different way. It can help Z-Vision Incorporate store managers reach an often sudden conclusion that there is a better, more effective way doing something and can help to unlock previously untapped potential (Anthony Henry Understanding strategic management) 4.0 Developing program and Learning Objectives 4.1 Developing program In order to prepare a comprehensive report to management on the importance of training and proposed training plan for Z-vision incorporated store managers. Here make the plan of training for the store manager is the leadership training for the store manager. The leadership training will take three working days. Leadership Training for the store manager (activities schedule) Date Time Activity 20 May 2010 10.00-12.00 am Communication skill 2.00-5.00 pm Coaching and Development 21 May 2010 9.00-11.00 am Decision Making Practice 11.00-1.00 pm Teamwork Building 2.00- 4.00 pm Sales Marketing 22 May 2010 9.00-11.30 am Vision/strategy skill 1.00-3.00 pm Planning * Refer to Appendix 2 for Details 4.2 The key of Learning Objectives Training involves some kind of change for Z-vision incorporated store managers: changes in how they do their jobs, how they relate to others, the conditions under which they perform, or change in their job responsibilities. ( Ford,D.JBenchmarking HRD Training Development, Vol.47,No.6(1993):36-41) Z-vision incorporated can benefit from training, beyond bottom line and general efficiency and profitability, when they create more flexible workers who can assume varied responsibilities and have a more holistic understanding of what the Z-vision incorporated does and the role they play in the Z-vision Incorporateds success.( Broadwell, M .M how to train experienced supervisors Training, Vol. 30, no 5(1993)) Z-vision incorporated that take a strategic approach to human resources can find that Z-vision incorporated store managers training can be much more efficacious as part of an integrated approach to HR. For example: training and development are greatly assisted by having appropriate and well-thought-out staffing strategies. (Andersen companies, Training Development, Vol 47, No.1 (1993); 30- 35) 5.0 Program Budgeting, Design and Development 5.1 Training Design Training design involves adapting the learning environment to maximize learning. Training design issues include the conditions of practice that influence learning and the factors that impact retention of what is learned. Recall Gagnes (1987) arguments there is no substitute for conducting a thorough task analysis and clearly specifying what is to be learned. As the training officer for z-Vision Incorporated I decided to use spaced practice sessions to enhance the effectiveness for training program. In general, information and skills can be learned either way, but spaced practice sessions with a reasonable rest period between them lead to better performance and longer retention of what is learned than a massed practice session. Although using spaced practice sessions may increase time and resources but series of spaced practice training would be more effective. 5.1.1 Selecting the Trainer Since now the organization has made the decision to design our own training program, and purchase the attitudes training program, the trainer must be selected. There are three trainers included two internal training officers and one trainer from the outsourced training centre. Organization training officer will conduct the teaming program which included knowledge and skills session for the trainees. On the other hand the trainer from the outsourced training centre will deliver the attitudes talk for the trainees. 5.1.2 Selecting Training Methods Up to this point the organization have coming out with the preliminary steps involved in the design and implementation for the training program. Our next step is to select the appropriate training methods. On the Job Training Method is the most suitable method for the program as this method can absolutely improve the trainees work performance and can enhance their knowledge in order for them to train their subordinates. 5.1.3 Training Budget Training Budget Organization: z-Vision Incorporated Year: 2010 Department: Human Resource Submitted by: HR Training Officer Annual training allotment: $200,000 Day 1 Budget: $12,000 Day 3 Budget: $12,000 Total Budget: $36,000 Day 2 Budget: $12,000 * Refer to Appendix 3 for Details. Based on the annual training allotment from the Board of Directors. The training officer has planned the training budget well in order to minimize the cost but can maximize the training result. The training budget is designed based on the needs of the training activities, trainer fees, rental for venue and some other expenses. 6.0 Training delivery methods Training delivery methods consist of the techniques and materials used by trainers to structure learning experiences. Different training delivery methods are better or worse at achieving various learning objectives. During the design phase the different methods are examined to determine their appropriateness for the learning objectives. Once appropriate methods have been identified, they are applied to the training plan in the development phase. There are three categories of learning objectives: knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs). Knowledge objectives are of three types: declarative, procedural, and strategic. Declarative knowledge is the persons store of factual information. Procedural knowledge is the persons understanding about how and when to apply the facts. Strategic knowledge is used for planning, monitoring, and revising goal-directed activity. Skill reflects ones proficiency at specific tasks such as operating a piece of equipment, giving a presentation, or making a business decision. Attitudes are beliefs and/or opinions about objects and events and the positive or negative affect (feelings) associated with them. Attitudes affect motivation levels, which in turn influence a persons behavior. Most training programs have learning objectives for knowledge, skill, and attitudes; these programs need to combine in house training method and public training method into an integrated whole because no single method can do everything well. (source: www.school-for-champions.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Training) 7.0 Evaluation of Learning Outcomes Training evaluation is the process of connecting results to objectives from a training program. The criteria to determine this training program success or failure is based on the performance of the trainees, the conditions under which they must do it and the evaluation from the trainers and feedback from trainees after the training session. The evaluation results will be analyzed to determine if adjustments need to be made in the training approach and/or materials in order to maximize the learning environment for trainees. It is also recommended that knowledge retention be measured at three months, six months, and one year after implementation. Reference Jennifer Gregory Encouraging Organizational Learning through Pay after a Corporate Downsizing Ajay M. Pangarkar, Teresa Kirkwood Strategic alignment: linking your learning strategy to the balanced scorecard Arman E. Manlalangit Training Needs Analysis Henry Understanding strategic management Ford,D.JBenchmarking HRD Training Development, Vol.47,No.6(1993):36-41 Broadwell, M .M how to train experienced supervisors Training, Vol. 30, no 5(1993) Andersen companies, Training Development, Vol 47, No.1 (1993); 30- 35 Human resources development, employment and globalization in the hotel, catering and tourism sector.( Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on the Human Resources Development, Employment and Globalization in the Hotel, Catering and Tourism Sector Geneva, 2001) Team Spirit Leadership Training http://www.showmeteamspirit.com/, Online. Accessed march 31, 2010 Asim Khan, CEO Business Management Group, Inc Matching People with Organizational Culture Ron prewitt Signs of a healthy work Environment Aliance Traning and Consulting. INC http://www.alliancetac.com/index.html?PAGE_ID=2449, Online. Accessed April 5, 2010 www.school-for-champions.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Training, Online. Accessed April 5, 2010 http://traininganddevelopment.naukrihub.com/methods-of-training/on-the-job-training/index.html, Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 http://www.humanresources.hrvinet.com/job-training-methods , Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Oli-Per/On-the-Job-Training.html, Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 R.F.Mager(1997). Preparing instructional objectives 3rd edition www. road.uww.edu/road/wernerj/428%20-%20Training%20%20Development/Chapter%2004%20slides%204e.ppt training hrd process model, Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices/manual/medpricesAttachements/excercises/SampleTrainingEvalForm.doc, Accessed April 10, 2010 Appendix Appendix 1 Source: www. road.uww.edu/road/wernerj/428%20-%20Training%20%20Development/Chapter%2004%20slides%204e.ppt training hrd process model Appendix 2 Training Program Schedule 20 May 2010 22 May 2010 Program Title: z-Vision Leadership Training Objectives of this program: To enhance store managers management skills. To ensure each store manager be able to conduct training of staff in their respective store. Environment: In house training and train at outsourced training centre Trainers: Organization training officer outsourced training consultant Trainees: Store Managers from all stores. Date Time Activity 20 May 2010 10.00-12.00 am Communication skill 2.00-5.00 pm Coaching and Development 21 May 2010 9.00-11.00 am Decision Making Practice 11.00-1.00 pm Teamwork Building 2.00- 4.00 pm Sales Marketing 22 May 2010 9.00-11.30 am Vision Strategy Skill 1.00-3.00 pm Planning Appendix 3 Training Budget Organization: z-Vision Incorporated Year: 2010 Department: Human Resource Submitted by: HR Training Officer Annual training allotment: $200,000 Day 1 Budget: $12,000 Day 3 Budget: $12,000 Total Budget: $36,000 Day 2 Budget: $12,000 3 Days Training Budget Line Item Description/Justification Qty. Unit Cost/Rate Total 1 Courseware development 0 2 Courseware purchase Purchase training course from training centre 1 $4,000 4,000 3 Certification 0 4 Train-the-trainer 0 5 Hardware purchase 0 6 Facility rental Medium Hotel Meeting Room 22,000 7 Instructional materials 0 8 Technical equipment 0 9 Consulting fees Advice from consultation company 2,000 10 Instructor fees Fees Allowance for internal and external trainers 3,000 11 Content acquisition 0 12 Travel Travel Allowance 2,500 13 Lunch Tea Food Beverages 2,500 14 0 15 0 Grand Total $36,000