The Churchs Teaching On Euthanasia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Churchs Teaching On Euthanasia - Assignment Example A person suffering from severe pain may not deserve to experience it from a humanitarian point of view. Thus, euthanasia or an act of mercy killing has become one of the most debatable issues in contemporary time because for some it might be the right answer but for others, it is the wrong way around.For instance, Catholic Church strongly opposes euthanasia. It is evident that the church strongly believes that it is a crime before God. Catholic Church believes that it is only God who has the right to take back our lives since He creates them. Thus, He alone has the right to destroy what He has created. Euthanasia, as defined to be mercy killing, is just a way to eliminate the pain from the point of view of those who supported it. However, the Catholic Church strongly opposes it due to its strong stand that it is not actually eliminating the pain but actually the patient. This stand can be clearly elaborated based on how the Catholic Church defined the value of life (Vatican, 1980). I n this point of view of the church, euthanasia is considered a way just like of a murder in which the patient is denied his or her right to live. This is due to the point of the church that with euthanasia it is life by itself which has to be eliminated from the person. The Catholic Church strongly opposes euthanasia because based on its stand, the very act of eliminating life of an individual even though it may help him from not experiencing too much adverse pain should not be initiated by human hands.

Training Program Executive Summary Management Essay

Training Program Executive Summary Management Essay The Leadership Training program for z-Vision Incorporated is describes the process of the training program being design and how the training officer planned for it. This training program considers the impacts of business process changes for the eyewear industry and z-Vision Incorporated employees and provides a framework to equip and prepare end-users with the skills and knowledge necessary to perform efficiently in their respective to-be roles in the new business environment resulting from the implementation of this training program. Employees to be Train This Leadership Training program is designed for all the store managers. Objectives for the Training The main objective for the training program being designed is to ensure each store managers can be able to conduct training of staff in their respective store. In the mean time, its also to enhance their knowledge and skills in daily management for their respective store. Budget for the Training The total budget for the three days leadership training program is $ 36,000. In terms that each day of training need $12,000. Learning Evaluation Approach Once the training program has finished there will be a learning assessment will be conduct to the trainees and trainers to overview the training result. The evaluation results will be analyzed to determine if adjustments need to be made in the training approach and/or materials in order to maximize the learning environment for trainees. Table of Content 1.0 Introduction This report is written to provide suggestion for training officer at z-Vision Incorporated. And it is prepare a comprehensive Report to the management on the importance of training and proposed Training Plan for z-Vision Incorporated store managers. This training is intended to ensure each Store Manager has the knowledge of and basic skills to conduct training of staff in their respective store. It will include the importance of Training analysis, Conduct of Training Needs Analysis Planning of Training, Conduct of Training Needs Analysis Planning of Training, Program Budgeting analysis, Design and Development analysis, Delivery of Training, and Assessment of Learning Outcomes. 2.0 Importance of Training 2.1 Definition of Training Training can be best understood as planned, structured, and often formalized learning experiences that seek to develop specific skills and knowledge needed for effective job performance. Historically employees have learnt many of the competencies they need to perform effectively by be trained. (Author: Jannifer Gregory Encouraging Organizational Learning through Pay after a Corporate Downsizing) 2.2 Importance of Training If Z-Vision Incorporate consider its Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to be human assets, training and development represents an ongoing investment in these assets and one of the most significant Z-Vision Incorporate can make. Training involves Z-Vision Incorporate store managers acquiring knowledge and learning skills that they will be able to use immediately; Z-Vision Incorporate store managers development involves learning that will aid the Z-Vision Incorporate and Z-Vision Incorporate store managers later in the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers career. Many organizations use the term learning rather than training to emphasize the point that the activities engaged in as part of this developmental process are broad-based and involve much more than straightforward acquisition of manual or technical skills. (Author(s): Ajay M. Pangarkar, Teresa Kirkwood Strategic alignment: linking your learning strategy to the balanced scorecard) Optimum Utilization of Human Resources -Z-Vision Incorporate Training and Development helps in optimizing the utilization of human resource that further helps the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to achieve the organizational goals as well as their individual goals. Development of Human Resources -Z-Vision Incorporate Training and Development helps to provide an opportunity and broad structure for the development of human resources technical and behavioral skills in an organization. It also helps the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers in attaining personal growth.( Human resources development, employment and globalization in the hotel, catering and tourism sector.) Development of skills of employees Training and Development helps in increasing the job knowledge and skills of Z-Vision Incorporate store managers at each level. It helps to expand the horizons of human intellect and an overall personality of the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers. (Aliance Traning and Consulting. INC ) Productivity Training and Development helps in increasing the productivity of the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers that helps Z-Vision Incorporate further to achieve its long-term goal. Team spirit Training and Development helps in inculcating the sense of team work, team spirit, and inter-team collaborations. It helps in inculcating the zeal to learn within the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers.( Team Spirit Leadership Training http://www.showmeteamspirit.com/) Organization Culture Training and Development helps to develop and improve the Z-Vision Incorporate store health culture and effectiveness. It helps in creating the learning culture within the Z-Vision Incorporate. (Asim Khan, CEO Business Management Group, Inc Matching People with Organizational Culture) Organization Climate Training and Development helps building the positive perception and feeling about the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers. The Z-Vision Incorporate store managers get these feelings from leaders, subordinates, and peers. Quality Training and Development helps in improving upon the quality of work and work-life. Healthy work environment Training and Development helps in creating the healthy working environment. It helps to build good employee, relationship so that individual goals aligns with organizational goal.( Ron prewitt Signs of a healthy work Environment) Health and Safety Training and Development helps in improving the health and safety of the organization thus preventing obsolescence. Morale Training and Development helps in improving the morale of the work force. Image Training and Development helps in creating a better corporate image. Profitability Training and Development leads to improved profitability and more positive attitudes towards profit orientation. Training and Development aids in organizational development i.e. Organization gets more effective decision making and problem solving. It helps in understanding and carrying out organization policies Training and Development helps in developing leadership skills, motivation, loyalty, better attitudes, and other aspects that successful workers and managers usually display. 3.0 Conduct of Training needs Analysis Planning of Training A Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is used to assess an organizations training needs. The root of the TNA is the gap analysis. This is an assessment of the gap between the knowledge, skills and attitudes that the people in the organization currently possess and the knowledge, skills and attitudes that they require to meet the organizations objectives. The training needs assessment is best conducted up front, before training solutions are budgeted, designed and delivered. The output of the needs analysis will be a document that specifies why, what, who, when, where and how. (Author: Arman E. Manlalangit Training Needs Analysis) The training plan is for the store manager. They need to study leadership skills. Such as: knowing and using the resources of the group, Communication, Controlling group performance, take Ownership and Responsibility and so on. The six Es of training-why Z-Vision Incorporate train Z-Vision Incorporate store managers Engage Effective training provides the opportunity for Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to connect with the Z-Vision Incorporate, and its policies and methods of working. It helps to ensure that Z-Vision Incorporate store managers buy into, or engage with, Z-Vision Incorporates culture. It helps to make Z-Vision Incorporate store managers feel valued and develop working relationships with their colleagues. Educate Training can help to educate or increase the knowledge and awareness of individuals and terms. Enhance Training can help to enhance or improve the skills and competence of individuals and terms within an organization Empower By properly training employees, an organization can increase the accountability of teams and individuals, and can ensure that faster, better quality decisions can be made, while avoiding the need to pass decision making unnecessarily up to the organizational chain. Energize Participation in training can help to energize, motivate and inspire Z-Vision Incorporate store managers. It provides an opportunity. To take a step back and allows people to consider how they can best contribute towards the effectiveness of the Z-Vision Incorporate. Enlighten Training can also be an effective means of helping Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to see things in a different way. It can help Z-Vision Incorporate store managers reach an often sudden conclusion that there is a better, more effective way doing something and can help to unlock previously untapped potential (Anthony Henry Understanding strategic management) 4.0 Developing program and Learning Objectives 4.1 Developing program In order to prepare a comprehensive report to management on the importance of training and proposed training plan for Z-vision incorporated store managers. Here make the plan of training for the store manager is the leadership training for the store manager. The leadership training will take three working days. Leadership Training for the store manager (activities schedule) Date Time Activity 20 May 2010 10.00-12.00 am Communication skill 2.00-5.00 pm Coaching and Development 21 May 2010 9.00-11.00 am Decision Making Practice 11.00-1.00 pm Teamwork Building 2.00- 4.00 pm Sales Marketing 22 May 2010 9.00-11.30 am Vision/strategy skill 1.00-3.00 pm Planning * Refer to Appendix 2 for Details 4.2 The key of Learning Objectives Training involves some kind of change for Z-vision incorporated store managers: changes in how they do their jobs, how they relate to others, the conditions under which they perform, or change in their job responsibilities. ( Ford,D.JBenchmarking HRD Training Development, Vol.47,No.6(1993):36-41) Z-vision incorporated can benefit from training, beyond bottom line and general efficiency and profitability, when they create more flexible workers who can assume varied responsibilities and have a more holistic understanding of what the Z-vision incorporated does and the role they play in the Z-vision Incorporateds success.( Broadwell, M .M how to train experienced supervisors Training, Vol. 30, no 5(1993)) Z-vision incorporated that take a strategic approach to human resources can find that Z-vision incorporated store managers training can be much more efficacious as part of an integrated approach to HR. For example: training and development are greatly assisted by having appropriate and well-thought-out staffing strategies. (Andersen companies, Training Development, Vol 47, No.1 (1993); 30- 35) 5.0 Program Budgeting, Design and Development 5.1 Training Design Training design involves adapting the learning environment to maximize learning. Training design issues include the conditions of practice that influence learning and the factors that impact retention of what is learned. Recall Gagnes (1987) arguments there is no substitute for conducting a thorough task analysis and clearly specifying what is to be learned. As the training officer for z-Vision Incorporated I decided to use spaced practice sessions to enhance the effectiveness for training program. In general, information and skills can be learned either way, but spaced practice sessions with a reasonable rest period between them lead to better performance and longer retention of what is learned than a massed practice session. Although using spaced practice sessions may increase time and resources but series of spaced practice training would be more effective. 5.1.1 Selecting the Trainer Since now the organization has made the decision to design our own training program, and purchase the attitudes training program, the trainer must be selected. There are three trainers included two internal training officers and one trainer from the outsourced training centre. Organization training officer will conduct the teaming program which included knowledge and skills session for the trainees. On the other hand the trainer from the outsourced training centre will deliver the attitudes talk for the trainees. 5.1.2 Selecting Training Methods Up to this point the organization have coming out with the preliminary steps involved in the design and implementation for the training program. Our next step is to select the appropriate training methods. On the Job Training Method is the most suitable method for the program as this method can absolutely improve the trainees work performance and can enhance their knowledge in order for them to train their subordinates. 5.1.3 Training Budget Training Budget Organization: z-Vision Incorporated Year: 2010 Department: Human Resource Submitted by: HR Training Officer Annual training allotment: $200,000 Day 1 Budget: $12,000 Day 3 Budget: $12,000 Total Budget: $36,000 Day 2 Budget: $12,000 * Refer to Appendix 3 for Details. Based on the annual training allotment from the Board of Directors. The training officer has planned the training budget well in order to minimize the cost but can maximize the training result. The training budget is designed based on the needs of the training activities, trainer fees, rental for venue and some other expenses. 6.0 Training delivery methods Training delivery methods consist of the techniques and materials used by trainers to structure learning experiences. Different training delivery methods are better or worse at achieving various learning objectives. During the design phase the different methods are examined to determine their appropriateness for the learning objectives. Once appropriate methods have been identified, they are applied to the training plan in the development phase. There are three categories of learning objectives: knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs). Knowledge objectives are of three types: declarative, procedural, and strategic. Declarative knowledge is the persons store of factual information. Procedural knowledge is the persons understanding about how and when to apply the facts. Strategic knowledge is used for planning, monitoring, and revising goal-directed activity. Skill reflects ones proficiency at specific tasks such as operating a piece of equipment, giving a presentation, or making a business decision. Attitudes are beliefs and/or opinions about objects and events and the positive or negative affect (feelings) associated with them. Attitudes affect motivation levels, which in turn influence a persons behavior. Most training programs have learning objectives for knowledge, skill, and attitudes; these programs need to combine in house training method and public training method into an integrated whole because no single method can do everything well. (source: www.school-for-champions.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Training) 7.0 Evaluation of Learning Outcomes Training evaluation is the process of connecting results to objectives from a training program. The criteria to determine this training program success or failure is based on the performance of the trainees, the conditions under which they must do it and the evaluation from the trainers and feedback from trainees after the training session. The evaluation results will be analyzed to determine if adjustments need to be made in the training approach and/or materials in order to maximize the learning environment for trainees. It is also recommended that knowledge retention be measured at three months, six months, and one year after implementation. Reference Jennifer Gregory Encouraging Organizational Learning through Pay after a Corporate Downsizing Ajay M. Pangarkar, Teresa Kirkwood Strategic alignment: linking your learning strategy to the balanced scorecard Arman E. Manlalangit Training Needs Analysis Henry Understanding strategic management Ford,D.JBenchmarking HRD Training Development, Vol.47,No.6(1993):36-41 Broadwell, M .M how to train experienced supervisors Training, Vol. 30, no 5(1993) Andersen companies, Training Development, Vol 47, No.1 (1993); 30- 35 Human resources development, employment and globalization in the hotel, catering and tourism sector.( Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on the Human Resources Development, Employment and Globalization in the Hotel, Catering and Tourism Sector Geneva, 2001) Team Spirit Leadership Training http://www.showmeteamspirit.com/, Online. Accessed march 31, 2010 Asim Khan, CEO Business Management Group, Inc Matching People with Organizational Culture Ron prewitt Signs of a healthy work Environment Aliance Traning and Consulting. INC http://www.alliancetac.com/index.html?PAGE_ID=2449, Online. Accessed April 5, 2010 www.school-for-champions.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Training, Online. Accessed April 5, 2010 http://traininganddevelopment.naukrihub.com/methods-of-training/on-the-job-training/index.html, Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 http://www.humanresources.hrvinet.com/job-training-methods , Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Oli-Per/On-the-Job-Training.html, Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 R.F.Mager(1997). Preparing instructional objectives 3rd edition www. road.uww.edu/road/wernerj/428%20-%20Training%20%20Development/Chapter%2004%20slides%204e.ppt training hrd process model, Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices/manual/medpricesAttachements/excercises/SampleTrainingEvalForm.doc, Accessed April 10, 2010 Appendix Appendix 1 Source: www. road.uww.edu/road/wernerj/428%20-%20Training%20%20Development/Chapter%2004%20slides%204e.ppt training hrd process model Appendix 2 Training Program Schedule 20 May 2010 22 May 2010 Program Title: z-Vision Leadership Training Objectives of this program: To enhance store managers management skills. To ensure each store manager be able to conduct training of staff in their respective store. Environment: In house training and train at outsourced training centre Trainers: Organization training officer outsourced training consultant Trainees: Store Managers from all stores. Date Time Activity 20 May 2010 10.00-12.00 am Communication skill 2.00-5.00 pm Coaching and Development 21 May 2010 9.00-11.00 am Decision Making Practice 11.00-1.00 pm Teamwork Building 2.00- 4.00 pm Sales Marketing 22 May 2010 9.00-11.30 am Vision Strategy Skill 1.00-3.00 pm Planning Appendix 3 Training Budget Organization: z-Vision Incorporated Year: 2010 Department: Human Resource Submitted by: HR Training Officer Annual training allotment: $200,000 Day 1 Budget: $12,000 Day 3 Budget: $12,000 Total Budget: $36,000 Day 2 Budget: $12,000 3 Days Training Budget Line Item Description/Justification Qty. Unit Cost/Rate Total 1 Courseware development 0 2 Courseware purchase Purchase training course from training centre 1 $4,000 4,000 3 Certification 0 4 Train-the-trainer 0 5 Hardware purchase 0 6 Facility rental Medium Hotel Meeting Room 22,000 7 Instructional materials 0 8 Technical equipment 0 9 Consulting fees Advice from consultation company 2,000 10 Instructor fees Fees Allowance for internal and external trainers 3,000 11 Content acquisition 0 12 Travel Travel Allowance 2,500 13 Lunch Tea Food Beverages 2,500 14 0 15 0 Grand Total $36,000

The Character of Claudius in Shakespeares Hamlet Essays -- GCSE Englis

The Character of Claudius in Hamlet      Ã‚      Shakespeare presents Claudius as a character with many faces yet the audience can clearly understand his motives and ambition throughout the play. His character does however change and we clearly see how his evilness and weakness increases as his need to escape discovery and his clandestine nature in doing so, is revealed.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      It is in Act one scene two that we are first introduced to the character of Claudius. The impression made by him is that of a powerful and controlled man who is respected by most. His mannerisms of speech are graceful and are nothing less than the words of a king, 'to bear our heats with grief, and our whole kingdom.' Claudius is presented to us by Shakespeare as a dominant but caring king. He acts in a friendly manner to his subjects "Take thy fair hour, Laertes; thine be thine" and shows warmth to his nephew, " but now my cousin Hamlet, and my son-." To the naked eye of the audience, Claudius may even be seen as a likeable character, but we later understand Shakespeare's use of Claudius's attitude towards his family at this stage, which is unknown to us to be a whole deceitful act. Here we perceive that not only does Claudius have a great knowledge of affairs of state, "now follows that you know young Fortinbras, Holding a weak supposal of our worth." but he is also a g reat actor.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We know as the viewer of this play, that it was Claudius that committed the murder of his brother Hamlet, and that in selfish reason Claudius took to the throne along as marrying Gertrude, the past kings wife. Like the audience of the Elizabethan times, Hamlet is also mystified at this "O hasty marriage." In his superficial speec... ...Faucit, Helena (Lady Martin). On Some of Shakespeare's Characters. 6th ed. London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1899.    Knight, G. Wilson. "The Embassy of Death." The Wheel of Fire. London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1954. p. 38-39. http://server1.hypermart.net/hamlet/wheefire.html N. pag.    Mack, Maynard. "The World of Hamlet." Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Madariaga, Salvador de. "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern." "On Hamlet." 2nd ed. London: Frank Cass & Co., Ltd., 1964. p.14-16. http://www.freehomepages.com/hamlet/other/essayson.htm#demag-ess N. pag.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.   

Opinions on Homosexuality Throughout World Religions Essay

In the development of every religion there are guidelines to living. In Judaism, it is the Mitzvah, in Buddhism it is the Buddha’s teachings and in Wicca it is the Book of Shadows. These rules demonstrate what should be done and what shouldn’t be done in the lifetime. Many religions in the world have different opinions on guidelines and this research essay will examine and compare the religious views on homosexuality and same sex marriages in the religions of Judaism, Buddhism, and Wicca. Judaism is one of the oldest religions in the world. The earliest written source of homosexuality in Judaism begins with the Book of Leviticus which is one of the five parts of the Torah. Orthodox Jews will argue the fact that the Torah forbids homosexual acts. â€Å"It states, â€Å"A [man] shall not lie with another man as [he would] with a woman, it is a to’eva† (Leviticus 18:22)† (â€Å"Homosexuality and Judaism,† 2004). In the past, if people were homosexuals it was a capital offense, and known as unnatural. If one was to have homosexual attractions their actions would be held accountable by God. Modern Orthodox Jews don’t care if homosexuality is a mental disease, or if you were born with it, they still believe that it is morally wrong no matter what the case is. Conservative Jaws are on the fence. They say according to the Halakha (Jewish Law) you should not judge homosexual relationships. Though the position of the conservatives is at the point where they know that homosexual relations is a violation of Jewish law they find it a less punishment just like breaking any other law many Jewish member violate such as eating non-kosher food. Therefore this leads them to believe there is no reason to view homosexuality as anything other than a Jewish law violation. The last category of Judaism is the Reform branch in North America. Reform Judaism does not prohibit rabbis and cantors as being homosexuals. In 1990, Central Conference of American Rabbis officially stated that regardless of their sexual orientation, they will fulfill their sacred occupation (â€Å"Homosexuality and Judaism,† 2004). Many of the points under this document support the equality of gays and lesbians and want to help legalize same-sex marriages. That is the wide variety of viewpoints that exist in Judai sm. In Buddhism there are a variety of opinions on homosexuality and same-sex marriages as well. Buddhists are required the follow the five percepts, which include abstaining from harming living beings, sexual misconduct and false speech. In Buddhism there is no scripture in which it states that homosexuality is a wrong thing to do but usually is considered the third percept (sexual misconduct) by the Dalai Lama. A Buddhist author wrote, â€Å"†¦where the sexual act is an expression of love, respect, loyalty and warmth, it would not be breaking the third percept† (â€Å"Homosexuality and Buddhism,† 2006). This quote goes against the Dalai Lama’s opinion and explains that whether the love is heterosexual or homosexual; love is love, and as long as they are not committing adultery, it isn’t against their religion. Dalai Lama, the leader of Tibetan Buddhism would say homosexuality is wrong and is considered part of sexual misconduct. Dalai Lama states in an interview, â€Å"†¦the purpose of sex in general is for procreation, so homosexual act does seem a bit unnatural† (â€Å"Homosexuality and Buddhism,† 2006). In Theravada Buddhist countries, they do not practice homosexuality. They believe that it is a punishment for being heterosexual unfaithful in a past life (karma). This illustrates that the Buddhist religion fosters a wide variety of opinions on homosexuality. Wiccan is a modern western religion having to do with witchcraft. The traditions of Wiccan do not usually accept homosexuality however modern day Wiccan followers do accept it. The traditional belief is that the magical energy developed between heterosexual relationships is not present in a homosexual one. The traditional followers believe that a man and a man or a woman and a woman cannot create a tension so strong to be able to generate magic; this was at the time of the life of Gerald Gardner. The theory of Gerald was that heterosexual men are dominant/projective and all females were passive/receptive (â€Å"The wiccan way.†). Modern day thinking is that each gender can be either projective or receptive which can give homosexuals the same amount of power as heterosexuals have. Therefore the Wiccan way does accept homosexuality in modern day, but in the past it was not accepted due to lack of ability to generate magic in the traditional way. These three religions are considered very different in many ways. Judaism is the oldest religion and uses scriptures as the history and law of their religion. Buddhism is a branch of Hinduism and uses the Buddha teachings as the way of life. Wicca is witchcraft and looks upon the Book of Shadows. Wiccan is the only religion in modern day that accepts homosexuality and same-sex marriages unlike Judaism who completely reject the idea from what their ancient scriptures states. Buddhism is the one in the middle; they believe that it is unnatural because of common sense but don’t necessarily forbid it to occur. Throughout history, opinions can change. Sometimes they change in religion like the Wiccan way, or sometimes they can stay exactly the same, like throughout Judaism. This research essay examined each of these religions including Buddhism on the topic homosexuality and same-sex marriages. Bibliography Gardner, Gerald. (1954). Witchcraft Today. London: Rider. Homosexuality and buddhism . (2006). Retrieved from http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality/buddhism.htm Homosexuality and judaism. (2004, May 24). Retrieved from http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality/judaism.htm Homosexuality in wicca (and paganism too.) . (2010). Retrieved from http://www.wiccantogether.com/forum/topics/homosexuality-in-wicca-and Moonfyre, A. (2002). Wiccan book of shadows. Retrieved from http://www.wiccanbookofshadows.50megs.com/index.html Pearsall, J., & Trumble, B. (2002). The Oxford English reference dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Robinson, B. A. (2010, July 05). Buddhism and homosexuality . Retrieved from http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_budd.htm

Devloping Property Investment Strategy

Abstract This research proposal investigates the varying methods of choice when investing in direct or indirect property. Investment is the giving up of a capital sum now in exchange for the benefits to be received in the future, such as income flow and or capital gains. The results show a choice of investment opportunities that can be made by measuring risk and return and by balancing different types of asset classes. Using the different investment choices available a strategy plan can then be developed tailoring to the needs of the client. There are four main areas of research that should be considered by each individual when developing a property investment strategy; the investor’s objectives, how much the investor can afford to invest, the level of risk acceptable, and the rate of return desired. The motive however for all investors is the same, to increase wealth and secure their future. Contents Introduction3 Research questions3 Literature review4 Investment requirements/objectives4 Property as an Investment5 Property investment analysis9 Developing an Investment Strategy11 Research Design13 Significants13 Definitions13 Limitations14 References14 Introduction There are many different types of investments some of which include; stocks and shares, bonds and bills, property, trusts, syndicates, debentures, insurance policies and superannuation. The type and size of these property investments appeal to different investors from the small individual properties to the property trusts worth millions of dollars. Location can also play a role in subdividing the different categories even further such as an industrialist might limit their demand for factory space to a specific area, whereas the industrial property acquired by investment fund for its portfolio may not worry about the country or region of which it purchase its property from. Investment in property can be direct or indirect; can be acquired by way of auction, by tender, by private treaty or by take over bid (Enver 2002). Australian investors have forever been fascinated in real estate as it still remains the main class of investment for individuals and investment funds, however many people are still under the impression that an asset of land will offer secure and lasting returns. In fact the acquisition of land must require informed and justifiable decisions involving the comparison of alike assets including tenanted houses and units, syndicates, property trusts and funds. (Rowland 1997) The main area of study describes the planning required for investment in property. Investment returns and yields are explained with risk level outlined in the current market. Explanations in methods of investing in property and a plan of developing an investment strategy. Comparisons to the stock market transactions are quick and easy, compared with property transactions where time and money is needed to collect information on each property that is up for sale. Then an inspection and analysis of each property needs to take place to ensure all the facts and figures are interpreted and taken into account and the optimal choice is made. Research questions Success can never be assured when acquiring an asset, as there are many risks involved such as the unpredictability of the future market, opinion and outlooks. Given that property is only one of the opportunities for investment on the market and that different investments appeal to different investors, the comparison of asset with asset is essential, but the comparison of that asset against other forms of investment is also just as important. – To obtain the investment requirements and to explain property investment considerations through the measure of the amount of investment, return/yield, risk comparison – To compare property as an investment choice it is examined through risk, property classes and diversification. To analyse the property investments which are explained for the planning of investment strategy – To develop the needs and constraints of an investment strategy Literature review Investment requirements/objectives Investment objectives must reflect the needs of the investor indirectly suggest the appropriate type and duration of property investments and are crucial in the development of an investment stra tegy of any kind. Without them it would be impossible to make a rational decision on what type or class of property to invest, how to finance it, when the income is needed and an estimated holding period Rowland et al (1997) suggests that a person must determine their objectives by analysing their own personal circumstances, such as their income, spending habits and social needs, or by shared or individual goals. For private investors it involves income, age, family commitments and even personality will suggest how much they are willing to risk to obtain a higher return (Pyhrr et al: 1989, p665). Because buying and selling direct real property assets involves high transfer, entry and exit costs and long selling periods it is consequently seen as an illiquid investment. Whereas an investment in property funds or units or shares also known as indirect property allow quick an easy trades along with shorter holding periods and evidence of rapid and high gains in less than two years. However direct property investment is still seen as a long-term investment strategy with lower risk involved. The one common objective is to find the asset that offers protection against the decline in purchasing power caused by price inflation. Real Estate is commonly considered to be a good hedge against both expected and unexpected inflation in the long term. Properties for which the rent is closely linked to consumer prices are often required when the primary motive is to preserve capital. Residential rents, commercial rents and those retial rents based on shop turnover including those rents reviewed annually in line with the consumer price index are commonly thought to provide at least partial protection against the effects of inflation (Rowland, 1997). The assets that are currently owned by the investor will also play a role in the determinants of the investment objectives and process. A diversified portfolio is commonly desired by investors and often requires different expertise to assist in the acquisitions, which lowers risk that can be increased when investing in unfamiliar and foreign assets types and classes. Investment considerations The amount for investment Consideration and analysis of a selected group of possible investment opportunities cannot take place unless there is an estimate of how much the nvestor has or is available to invest. Investors must have access to equity, cash, borrowings or a combination of all to even begin considering investing. The funds available to an investor ultimately determine the purchase price. Return/yield The expected rate of return must match the investor’s objectives to determine the property class or type suitable. The measurement of return is calculated from known facts about t he sale of a property and is used as a unit of comparison when comparing direct and indirect property. A suitable cash flow for the investment and the perceived risk should be viewed in conjunction with the rate of return, with a higher risk property requiring a higher rate of return. Capitalisation rate is the most common unit of comparison between asset classes, and can indicate whether a property is overpriced or incorrectly valued in some way with market evidence. The cap rate can be calculated by dividing the net income by the price expressed as a decimal or initial yield on purchase. Investment risk Rowland et al suggests that the purpose of the investment and the current circumstances of the investor determined an attitude to the risk involved. An increase in the return would normally compensate for any risks that are taken, but the trade-off between risk and return is dependant upon how unwilling or hesitant each investor is to risk. Variables involved in the prediction of future property income and value, such as rental income, running costs, vacancies, capital expenditure, charges in capital value and interest rates national and international stability, are critical and must be estimated to determine the property return. There are some key considerations that an investor must look at when determining their investment risk level. – Each investors objectives influence the selection of properties. – Cap rates (initial yields) unless lease terms are known are limited use in comparing properties. – Property investment and financing is a question between debt and equity or a combination of both. – Testing the impact of the return of below expected rental growth and unexpected rental vacancies could assess the two major risks or property investment. Investors are prepared to take varying degrees of risk to enhance return, depending on their objectives and circumstances (Rowland 1997) Property as an Investment Real Estate or property is the main asset class for property investment and contains very desirable characteristics, which are also very attractive for the larger investors who are trying to balance their portfolios between risk and return: – A good hedge against infl ation – Good income and capital returns – Low risk investment Diversification benefits from low co-variability with shares and bonds. Investing in property is however considerably different to the other principle investment options of shares and bonds because property is a physical asset (Bird 1984), while shares and bonds are financial assets. The main differences between a physical and a financial asset relate to: Flexibility: Shares and bonds are readily and frequently traded in the market (i. e. stock exchange), whereas property is infrequently traded, has lengthy transaction times and has no central â€Å"market place†. Divisibility: Portions of shares or bonds can be traded. Obviously part of a building cannot generally be traded, although subdivision by strata titling can be an option. Liquidity: Shares and bonds can be viewed as short-term investments, where as property is seen as a medium-to-long term investment. The high costs associated with entry and exit to property significantly impact on liquidity. This makes dealing in shares or bonds for the small investors more attractive (Newell 2000) Listed property trusts are more related to the financial assets of shares and bonds rather than the physical asset of composite property (Joslin 2005). Property as an investment choice Real estate is often acquired over other investment assets for its low risk performance, however this ignores many characteristics that differentiate property from other investments such as shares and bonds (Rowland 1997). Property Direct Indirect Redeemable Unredeemable (Syndicates) Market Priced Appraisal Priced (Listed) (Unlisted) Direct property is the purest form of property investment (PIR 1998), but mostly known as where the owners name appears directly on the title papers. It ranges from the simplicity of a residential investment by a private individual, which is easily understood, to that of the sophisticated commercial property portfolio’s managed by institutions (Upton 1998). The level of economic activity is directly linked to property, where the roperty market improves so does the value of the property. As property values continue to rise the number of potential investors begins to fall because of the high costs of quality real estate. Even the institutional investors who use property to balance their risk within their asset portfolios are reducing direct property exposure to between only 10-15% of the value of the portfolio (PIR 1998). Indirect property investments are often defined as pooled investments and are covered by the Managed Invest ment Act 1998. This notion allows for the purchase of types and classes of properties that would not otherwise be available to the average investor. Listed trusts are usually unrestricted investment opportunities, particularly the large and more liquid trusts. The Australian Stock exchange is used by the investors to trade their units and the trusts managers use it to buy and sell properties into and out of the units. Bond price and the comparative risk for each individual property trust are what drives the prices of units on the stock exchange. This itself is governed by the property, the lease, the tenant, the manager, liquidity and tax allowances and the other factors not necessarily related to the property, which may cause unit prices to depart from the net asset value (PIR, 1998). The majority of unlisted trusts on offer are open ended. In 1991 the Government introduced changes governing unlisted trusts which has the effect of turning most into what is termed hybrid funds, wherein they offer a mix of direct property, property securities, and also cash reserves. This liquidity is necessary to pay out redemptions which are the units that can be redeemed against the trust after a year they are not traded on the stock exchange as are listed trusts. Trusts were able to overcome two of the main problems of direct property ownership Firstly costs; transaction costs are much lower and are bound up in the vehicle structure. All the unit-holders share these indirectly. Secondly; liquidity, investors are able to trade their unit holdings for cash, which is beneficial to both small and large investors. However this aspect is one that often has property assets trading more like the all-ordinary index rather than a property asset (PIR 1998) A property syndicate is an investment vehicle through which investors can have direct ownership of one or more properties legally (Upton 1998). The investment usually lasts between 5-12 years after which the investment properties are sold and the profit is returned to the investors. Syndicates have for a long time been a means by which smaller investors can enter the property market when they otherwise could not afford to do so (upton1998). Syndicates have not only provided this broader range of better quality property for the general or retail market but institutional investors such as superannuation funds have used syndicates as a means of obtaining better diversification for the funds available for direct property allocation (Upton 1998) Risk and property investment Rowland et al (1997) suggests that there are a number of important or special investment considerations, which are strategically important to investors developing an interest in property. The most significant factors are: Specific risk, each individual property is unique and will require a detailed appraisal of specific opportunity. -Costs of management and charges are upwards of 25% of gross income while specialised management is also required due to favourable tenant rights, compared to investment in other equities or bonds. These costs are high. -Market information is not as readily available, less reliable and is much more expensive than other index m arket information. -Financial considerations. A considerable degree of financial leverage is normally required, which comes under increasing pressure in economic and property cycles. This is why decisions made should be long term. -Quality premium property is often in short supply and any improvements made may become economically or functionally obsolete. Rowland states that in assessing long-term exposure to property that we must look at key factors such as; the tax position, the rival situation and risk profile, the liquidity required, the character of the liabilities Rowland (1997) writes. â€Å"The return from any property cannot be judged properly without also assessing the risk that the investment may not meet the objectives of ownership. Investors are most unlikely to take on additional risks unless there is sufficient increase in the expected return†. This point is the basis of all investment not only for property. The investor makes the choice between high risk and high return, or low risk and low return. These are again the principles of a balanced investment portfolio. Property classes and diversification Most investors would be well aware that an old saying â€Å"don’t put all your eggs in the one basket† which is a practical investment strategy. All of the sensible institutional investors balance their asset portfolios As stated earlier, McMahon (1998), property only plays a small part of between 10 to 15% of total asset portfolio composition, which normally consists of property, shares and bonds. However, property trusts and property syndicates will principally be composed entirely of property, but contain many sub classes or property types which in turn play an important part in the diversification strategy. It must be remembered, property can be direct and indirect, interstate, intrastate or international. Property investment analysis This chart shows the relationship between each asset class and the level of risk and return that can be expected. High Potential Return Low Expected Risk High Cash Fixed interest Property Growth Alternative investments Assets Shares Individual investors each have different and unique circumstances that need to be taken into considerations when making a decision between direct and indirect property investment. It is often argued, â€Å"property investment is the trade off between risk and return†. The investor can therefore have a very complicated or simple investment plan depending on their needs, however an investor seeking high returns should be prepared to take high risks, while a more prudent investor would settle for a more modest return. As there is no central market place for property trading except for listed property trusts in the stock exchange it means the majority of property investors and not equipped to undertake a through or sustained investment analysis. This means there is very limited means of information regarding the history of trading including returns for the unlisted trusts. The individual investor’s objectives or requirements will often determine the class of property for investment, which is frequently balanced by their experience or existing property portfolio impacting on the risk return strategies. Direct property Most direct property analysis is based on a direct comparison basis. Investors choosing income-producing properties balance the overall return/yield on the net annual income of the property and the annual capital growth of the asset. For example a property located in the country may give a greater annual return than one in the suburbs but its capital growth may be far less. As an investment strategy it may however amount to a positive investment, returning more than it costs to own. Direct comparison analysis requires a comparison of â€Å"like with like† therefore a property on a busy main road location is not comparable to a property with direct water frontage. Therefore the influences of Type, location and timing need to be considered with return or yield. Property information. Property information can be broken down in to three main categories, general overview, specific class/type and local information. General overview: when an investor is first looking to invest in property they want a general overview about the whole industry, what is hot and what’s not and where to find it. This information can be found on sites like; ABS, The Property Council of Australia, The Australian Property Institute, Access Economics, The Real Estate Institute etc. These sites will provide overall information on trends, the present state of the market and future predicted trends, which will assist the investor in choosing a location and class of property for investment. Specific class/type; large corporate real estate players like CB Richard Ellis, the real estate franchisers, PRD, researchers like Property Investment Research, Residex, RP data or investors AMP, Westfield, etc all are supported by extensive research departments and are able to provide very specific property performance information. The difficulty in using their services is that most are commercial businesses and seek payments for the services provided. Local Information; once the location and the class of property is chosen then there is no better research than getting to that location. When you have acquired/ researched, the latest most comprehensive information, then the analysis process is undertaken, as we have demonstrated earlier. Indirect property Indirect property because it trades as a financial asset provides a clear trial of transactional and corporate informational because of the rules associated to being listed on the stock exchange. The stock exchange also has some very strict â€Å"code of conduct† rules for companies or individuals as traders on the stock exchange, far more stringent than for regulated property traders/professionals. Each individual company or property trust listed on the stock exchange must meet reporting requirements, which allows advisers access to the most intimate â€Å"going concern† and stock market trading information. It is for this reason that the stock market investing is volatile, analysts have intimate corporate information, coupled with cyclical and world events puts daily pressure on stock values. Stocks are trading daily effectively valuing assets and performance on a daily basis. A company’s annual report’s can be analysed using mostly ratio analysis, undertaken as a matter of course before being recommended by investment house/advisors. Property trusts are also analysed and benchmarked prior to being recommended for investment. Because listed companies and property trusts operate in the economy, they are obviously affected by the overall state of the local and world economies. If both the local and world economies are doing well, then, other things being equal, you could expect listed companies and trusts to do well and stock prices increases. Developing an Investment Strategy The development of an investment strategy over a period of time allows the individual to assess what they can afford, their risk level and provides a clear outlook for the future. The main considerations would be how much you need to borrow and the level of gearing, the purchasing costs, ongoing costs and depreciation schedules and other tax issues. Hargitay and Yu (1991) et al suggests that the investment usually means the acquisition of assets by the investor with the view to satisfactory returns in the future. The capital committed to the acquisition of the assets and the expected returns are exposed to risk. Generally the greater the exposure to risk, the higher the return expected by the investor as a reward for bearing the risks involved. Most rational investors are risk-adverse. That is they prefer less risk to more risk and more return to less return. The formulation of an investment strategy or portfolio objective involves the listing and ranking of the principal needs the constraints for a particular investor. A list of the particular needs and constraints may include the following: Needs 1- Need for the security or capital invested. 2- Need for the security and stability of income. 3- Need for the readily marketable investment, i. e. liquidity 4- Need for tax exemptions or reliefs 5- Need for external professional management. Constraints 1- Limit on the size of immediate capital investment 2- Limit on the size of future investment. These future capital commitments are either regular or random. 3- Upper limit of risk bearing 4- Minimum acceptable rate of return – Term of investment 6- Statutory controls It is extremely important that the investor sees their particular position amongst the needs and constraints and is able to express their relative importance. Only then will the investor be able to articulate their portfolio objectives clearly. Hargitay and Yu (1991) et al also suggest that Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) provides another more rational method to assemble a portfolio of risky securities. MPT provides the rational to select a combination of risk free assets that would meet the investors’ objectives. The first and fundamental problem facing the investor is to establish the investment goals and objectives. Only after the clear definition of the investment goals and objectives can the appropriate investment strategies and tactics be established. Conclusion The theme of this proposal is that a sound investment decision-making is based on a thorough return and risk analysis, which is the best strategy for maximising a person’s wealth. The institutional or corporate investor usually invests to make adequate provisions to cover future liabilities and hedge against the success or failure of their enterprise. Various institutional investors have distinctly different liabilities and tax status and therefore require different investment and portfolio structures to meet their respective commitments now and in the future. The first step in the establishment of investment objectives is the determination of the investors needs. The needs of an individual investor will be different from those of an institutional or corporate investor. However the primary motive for investment in all cases is profit. Usually individual investors’ provide for certain goals, retirement, educating their hildren, or simply hoping to increase their wealth through investment of individuals to money matters, and in particular to risks’, varies greatly. Some have the attitude that given their investment amount is only small that when investing in risky ventures the risk aspect is insignificant, so they accept the risks quite readily. Other investors would regard the loss of their small investment as a major disaster. Research Design The development of a property investment strategy data collected mainly from secondary sources. Define Purpose of the proposal Question Scholarly Journals Trade Journals Reference Books Sources Official Statistics Technical Reports Libraries and their search engines Research Literature Review articles Design Locate Col Evaluate Verify Construct and Incorporate data into the proposal The purpose of this proposal is to examine the way in which an individual decides what is the best investment option to undertake. Included is the discussion of issues on investment strategies; risk and return measures; limitations; investment decisions; investment objectives. A variety of industry sectors were analysed including direct and indirect property and what each of these involve. The graphs in this report were constructed using a vast array of publicly information obtained for the literature review and the secondary sources mentioned. Significants This proposal outlines the framework for determining a sound investment strategy and important steps and criteria a potential investor must undertake in order in maximise their financial wealth. Positive investment results are directly related to a well researched and thought about investment strategy. Definitions Asset allocation: â€Å"The proportion of your total capital you invest in the different asset classes. This will be largely determined by your risk profile† (ASX) Benchmark: â€Å"The yardstick that a fund manager compares the performance of their fund to, such as the All Ordinaries Index which may be used as a benchmark for Australian Shares† (ASX) Diversified Portfolio: â€Å"A portfolio that holds a variety of assets over more than one asset class or one market. This may include shares, property, or fixed interest† (ASX) Gearing: â€Å" Refers to the process of the increasing funds available for investment through borrowing. The ratio of debt finance to equity finance or as: The use of long-term debt in financing an entity. Gearing may be measured as EBIT/EBIIT – interest, Used to be known as Leverage† (ASX) Hedge: â€Å"A transaction, which reduces or offsets the risk of a current holding. † (ASX) Liquidity: â€Å" Being able to convert assets into cash easily, quickly and with little of no loss of capital. A liquid market is a market with enough participants to make buying and selling easy. ASX) Return on investment: â€Å"What you earn from your investments, including dividends, interest or other income and realised capital gains. Return is usually expressed as a percentage of the amount invested. † (ASX) Limitations This research proposal of developing a property investment is limited in that it does not take into consideration individual circumstances and further ana lysis of this should be done before investment begins. This proposal also does not take into the account other factors that affect the market, which can also then affect an investment. This proposal also ignores the adverse tax consequences associated in investment, which are critical in any investment strategy. References Australian Securities Exchange, 2008, (ASX) Bird, P. (1984), â€Å"Commodities as a hedge against inflation†, Applied Economics, Byrne P and Lee S, 2004, Different Risk Measures; Different portfolio compositions, Journal of property investment and finance. Enever, N. , Isaac, D. (2002), The Valuation of Property Investments, 6th ed. , Estates Gazette, London, Hargitay. S. E and Yu. S, 1991, Property Investment Decisions; a quantitative approach Joslin, A. (2005), â€Å"An investigation into the expression of uncertainty in property valuations†, Journal of Property Investment & Finance, Vol. 23 McMahon, Walter W. (1998) â€Å"Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of the Social Benefits of Lifelong Learning†, Education Economics, Newell G, Kottegoda P and Acheampong P, 2000, Using style analysis to assess direct property performance, Sixth Rim Real Estate Society, Sydney Newell G, Acheampong P, Kishore and Padan M 2000, Diversification issues in property securities funds, Sixth Pacific Rim Real Estate Society, Sydney Property Investment Research, PIR 1998, Melbourne Pyhrr. S. A and Cooper. R. J 1989, Real Estate Investment; Strategy, Analysis, Decisions, New York: Wiley Rowland. P. J 1997, Property Investments & their financing, 2nd edition, LBC (Thomson) Upton D, 1998 flirting with debt, Property Australia ———————– Define Question Secondary sources Collect, Review & analyse data Research report

W.W.I and W.W.II essays

W.W.I and W.W.II essays At the beginning of W.W.I and W.W.II, The United States tried to remain neutral, however they were unsuccessful both times. During the period of 1912-1917, and the period of 1939-1941. The U.S. proclaimed its neutrality policy but this did not stop the U.S. from ever entering the war or favoring a side. At the beginning of World War I, President Wilson stated that all Americans should remain impartial in thought as well as deed. This was the beginning of Americas neutrality policy. But this was impossible, more many reasons. For one thing, many Americans were not impartial. German Americans and Irish Americans sympathized with the German cause, while many more, including Wilson sided with Britain. Also, economic realities made it impossible for the United States to stay totally neutral. The British had imposed a naval blockade on Germany to prevent munitions and supplies from reaching the enemy. The United States stopped trading with Germany and continued to trade with Great Britain. This was not a neutral decision. Tensions between the U.S. and Germany began to grow. In American eyes, the Germans were using barbaric tactics, like submarine warfare. German submarines were sinking British ships with American passengers on them. This greatly angered the United States. In 1915, President Wilson endorsed an ambitious proposal by American military leaders for a large and rapid increase in the nations armed forces. By 1916, armament for a possible conflict was well under way. This increase in weapons was also not a neutral action by America. After Wilson was reelected as President, he proclaimed that the United States was committed to using the war as a vehicle for constructing a new world order, one based on the same progressive ideals that had motivated reform in America. Soon after this Germans began unrestricted submarine warfare against all of the American ships giving supplies to Great Brit...

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Play Review - All's Well That Ends Well essays I saw the play "All's Well That Ends Well" at the Chicago Shakespeare Theatre. The theater space was a three-quarters thrust and the theater was intimate allowing anyone to see just about anyone else in the theater. The seating also allowed everyone no matter where you sat to get an up-close view of the action. Barbara Gaines who is a regular at the Chicago Shakespeare Theatre directed the play. his theater experience was very great for me, as I have seen very few plays before. To start off, the parts of the play I believed were strong was the year the director decided to have the play take place in. In the 1860s, the outfits they wore were absolutely stunning. The women and men all looked very good and the distinguishment between the upper class and lower classes could be seen very well. Another nice asset about the 1860s is that the way the women were treated was much like the way they were treated in Shakespeare's time. Another strong point of the play was the little use of props. The place they were at was easily distinguishable thanks to lights shining on the floor and the few sets that were used. I believe big, elaborate sets get in the way of the acting and action. The best performances are the ones that are clear and use little props. The play accomplished just that. There was, however, one prop I did not like. They draped the floor at one point with this nasty 3-color sheet. I believe that was not necessary because I could stop staring at it and thinking how ugly it was. The production made me feel a bit different than I thought I was going to feel. At first, the play was slow, but the end was absolutely wonderful. The productions started with a great representation of how Helena and Bertram felt towards each other. It could be seen that Helena was extremely in love and Bertram did not want to marry Helena because he was not in love at all. In the end however I got a different impression than I did in the writings. ...

Beginner English Grammar Review

Beginner English Grammar Review Once youve taught a beginning level class for a few months, its time for review. There are so many new learning points over the course of a class that students need to revisit what they have learned. In order to do this, we like to do a bit of what we call grammar banging. Students take a quiz which has a question for each type of learning point the class has covered. The point of this exercise is to encourage students to discuss each point to review together. We like using this exercise in small groups to raise awareness of what has already been learned and where problems still lie. The sheets provided in these grammar banging reviews are very effective because each question focuses on one important, specific area. Aim Grammar review of the most important intermediate level English tenses, structure, and functions Activity Grammar banging multiple-choice review lesson with each question focusing on a specific point Level Beginner Outline This is straight-forward stuff. Make the copies and give them to the students.Have each student do the sheet by him/herself.Ask students to compare answers and discuss differences, each student trying to explain his/her choice.A correct sheet as a class. Review each grammar point quickly - you should get a lot of Oh, yeah.....Give the students an unmarked copy of the same exercise to repeat at home to solidify the review exercise. Grammar Banging - Review your English - 1 Choose the correct word to fill in the gap. Are there ______ apples in the kitchen?muchanysomeThat is _____ interesting book.theaanI went ______ church last Sunday.atintoWhat _____ he like? - He is very friendly.doesdidisI ________ a new car last month.boughthave boughtbuyedHow ________ money do you have in your pocket?manyfewmuchHe came ______ home late last night.-attoJack is a nice boy, and I like _____.-himhisI get up ______ seven oclock every day.inonatI like __________ music.listenlisten tolistening toWhat __________ in your free time?you dodo you doare you doingMy father _______ in a bank.worksworkis workingWould you like _______ coffee?anyansome Exercise 1 Printing Page Beginner Grammar Banging Page 2Back to lessons resource page

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HNC Electrical Engineering Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

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Aims of the Law and the Common Good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aims of the Law and the Common Good - Essay Example The discussion will focus on the relationship between these issues and the provisions of specific laws, including the statutory provisions, constitutional provisions and legal opinions. The aim of this paper is to develop philosophical arguments, critiquing various arguments on the proper aims of law. a) Laws Permitting or Prohibiting Gay Marriage; The role of the law is among other things, to create solutions to the problems that are said to arise when community’s lives face difficulties. It is clear that any law should appreciate the rules of change, while seeking to adjudicate the difficulties it is created to resolve. The laws that either prohibit or permit gay marriage can be said to be introducing new social rules. The Congress in 1996 approved the Defense of Marriage Act, which sought to prevent the Federal Government from recognizing same sex marriages (Canale et al., 2009). The law also mandated states from recognizing same sex marriages that had been celebrated in ot her states. However, in certain states, same sex marriages are permitted while other states seek to acknowledge same sex marriages celebrated in other jurisdictions. States like Maryland have passed laws legalizing same sex marriages, but are subjecting them to referendum during the 2012 elections. The controversy surrounding same sex marriages is not spared in the courts. ... trict Court of Massachusetts, held that it was a denial of federal rights to a lawfully married Massachusetts same sex couples, under the Defense Marriage Act, and this was a violation of their constitutional rights. It is clear that marriages between people of the same sex are challenged in courts, and it is fundamental for any judge to determine that aim of the law permitting or prohibiting same sex marriage. In so doing, the Judge should consider the common good of the people (Canale et al., 2009). This issue seems to be more intertwined with the theoretical underpinnings of the Utilitarianism theory which is more concerned with the normative ethics. John Stuart Mills advanced this theory with the view that the overall role of the law is to derive happiness to the greatest number in the society. The fact that same sex marriage is only recognized at the state level raises the question as to why one state would permit it, while the other state prohibits it. The definition in the Def ense Marriage Act is within the traditional customary practices of the institution of marriage. The family was the basic unit of life and it served as basic unit of life through reproduction. This definition seeks to define a marriage within the meaning of the general segment of the American society. However, the states are said to be more distinct, particularly in the development of legislation that recognizes same sex couples. It is thus submitted that marriage laws are mainly determined by the state as opposed to the federal government, thus the Defense of Marriage Act does not seek to prevent the individual states from defining marriage, as they deem fit for the purpose of meeting the common good of their constituents (Finnis, 2011). This is seen to be the utilitarian approach as

Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism on Shanghai Research Paper

Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism on Shanghai - Research Paper Example Shanghai is the most industrialized metropolis in China and is counted as one of the major metropolitan cities of the world. Shanghai has more than 5,800 square kilometers. Most tourists visiting Shanghai are usually advised to travel with maps in order not to get lost. The metropolis is not only identified as a financial, economic, and trade center, but is also admired for its cultural as well as historical heritage. The capital city, Beijing, is approximately 1460 km away from Shanghai. Most tourists in China, who wish to visit Shanghai, usually take the two hour flight from the capital to Shanghai, or take a 17 hour train journey that allows them to enjoy the scenery. Shanghai tourist attractions are easy to get to from its main center. Some of these include the Yuyuan Gardens, the Bund, which is the embodiment of Shanghai's history in prominent architectural structures, the lake Dianshan Hu, and the Four Cornered Pagoda, which is locally referred to as the Fang Ta. Shanghai, which is China's business and financial headquarters, has in the recent past benefitted from a double-digit growth. The city got over 80 million foreign and domestic tourists in 2001, alone. No town in China has fully embraced modernity and technology in the same way as Shanghai has. When in Shanghai, a tourist may get the illusion that he or she is in Europe or America and not Communist China. Shanghai radiates a cosmopolitan quality that is characterized by the contemporary lifestyles of its citizens, busy industrial and financial districts, skyscrapers, one of the busiest harbors in the area and ultra-chic business centers like museums, hotels, and shopping malls. While Be ijing is recognized as the center of the political government of China, which sponsors the Chinese academic institutions, Shanghai is known worldwide as China’s economic center and an incredibly enterprising city. Once a tiny and sleepy fishing rural community in the 1800s, Shanghai has been turned into a most enchanting, decadent and refined Chinese city. According to (Moscardo 3), â€Å"Shanghai has been dubbed as the "Paris of the East." International tourism takes place when citizens from different nations travel across intercontinental borders outside their normal homes as well as places of work, and stay for more than 24 hours in their places of visitation. The motivations for such trips are diverse, but usually recognized as being largely influenced by health, recreation, friendship and family visits, education, business, sports, and religion. As one of the most significant sources of foreign exchange revenue, and an investment catalyst, knowledge disseminator, and em ployment generator, international tourism has grown to be one of Shanghai’s most significant industries. Tourism has developed swiftly in Shanghai. At present, China is investing a lot of capital in promoting tourism and revising laws that govern its tourist industry. In the coming years, China expects to experience even more growth in this area, with the lion share of this development taking place in Shanghai. China’s tourism industry was somewhat affected by SARS scare but recovered swiftly. China is projected to be the world’s most fashionable tourist destination in the next decade. According to (Pike and Ryan 333), â€Å"tourism in Shanghai is a colossal labor intensive business that

New Urban Infrastructure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

New Urban Infrastructure - Essay Example It was industry which caused massive migrations into inner city centers (urbanization), secondary to developing industries and the wealth of new jobs they created. These busy urban centers, prolific in mass production, became economic hubs through which business dealings with other business centers, such as those located abroad, would occur. This phenomenon engenders globalization, not only of material capital, but of human capital as well. The benefits of the industrial age are ubiquitous. The plethora of available consumer goods, efficiencies in transportation, and advances in all types of communication, give evidence to the dynamic impacts that industrialization has had throughout the world. Improvements in production leading to an increase in the availability of jobs provides elevations in per capita income, this in turn elevates the overall standards of living and quality of life for certain individuals. A side effect was urbanization. The positive effects of the situation, can and have, started to take a turn for the worse for some people, not in a pandemic fashion, but in a sporadic way throughout many large cities. The degrees of severity may be more endemic to certain areas, or affect certain peoples based on the demographics, as it pertains to geography. The downsides to urbanizations sequela include overcrowding, environmental degradation, and crime. Economic disruption, unemployment, and homelessness are played out on the streets of every urban center throughout the globe. Adaptations to the many problems provided by industrialization, urbanization, and globalization, occur via social ecology. Social, economic, and moral inequities do not balance themselves, such as molecules across a semi-permeable membrane. What it boils down to, at times, is survival of the fittest. Not of the genetically fit, but of the financially fit. These precepts are based on the "Chicago" school of thought. Unlike the, usual, distribution of resources, as seen in nature, social ecology molds the social environment via unnatural social forces. These unseen forces shape-shift the way social milieus are geographically formed and situated. An example, as pointed out in the text, is that of the formation of ghettos. Formation of ghettos does not happen by a conscious social choice, of the inhabitants therein, but by external social forces dictated by the majority social-rule of a given urban industrial area. Globalization seems to be the social forces of industrialization and urbanization on a larger scale, throughout the globe, if you will. Increasing social interactivity between and global cities and people's, spawn new social worlds within the context of the industrial/ urban/global environment. This helps to create social constructs secondary to the blending of cultural ideologies and behaviors. People are able to adopt new philosophies about life and its social interactions, as opposed to being pigeonholed into a particular moral and social philosophy. The terms and conditions of industrialization, urbanization, and globalization may be dictated by the world's leaders, but the subtle social dynamics that occur within the context of this social paradigm will be dictated by the interactions of men and women across to all geographical, tangible and intangible, borders. Urban Policy looks at ways of regenerating

Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism on Shanghai Research Paper

Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism on Shanghai - Research Paper Example Shanghai is the most industrialized metropolis in China and is counted as one of the major metropolitan cities of the world. Shanghai has more than 5,800 square kilometers. Most tourists visiting Shanghai are usually advised to travel with maps in order not to get lost. The metropolis is not only identified as a financial, economic, and trade center, but is also admired for its cultural as well as historical heritage. The capital city, Beijing, is approximately 1460 km away from Shanghai. Most tourists in China, who wish to visit Shanghai, usually take the two hour flight from the capital to Shanghai, or take a 17 hour train journey that allows them to enjoy the scenery. Shanghai tourist attractions are easy to get to from its main center. Some of these include the Yuyuan Gardens, the Bund, which is the embodiment of Shanghai's history in prominent architectural structures, the lake Dianshan Hu, and the Four Cornered Pagoda, which is locally referred to as the Fang Ta. Shanghai, which is China's business and financial headquarters, has in the recent past benefitted from a double-digit growth. The city got over 80 million foreign and domestic tourists in 2001, alone. No town in China has fully embraced modernity and technology in the same way as Shanghai has. When in Shanghai, a tourist may get the illusion that he or she is in Europe or America and not Communist China. Shanghai radiates a cosmopolitan quality that is characterized by the contemporary lifestyles of its citizens, busy industrial and financial districts, skyscrapers, one of the busiest harbors in the area and ultra-chic business centers like museums, hotels, and shopping malls. While Be ijing is recognized as the center of the political government of China, which sponsors the Chinese academic institutions, Shanghai is known worldwide as China’s economic center and an incredibly enterprising city. Once a tiny and sleepy fishing rural community in the 1800s, Shanghai has been turned into a most enchanting, decadent and refined Chinese city. According to (Moscardo 3), â€Å"Shanghai has been dubbed as the "Paris of the East." International tourism takes place when citizens from different nations travel across intercontinental borders outside their normal homes as well as places of work, and stay for more than 24 hours in their places of visitation. The motivations for such trips are diverse, but usually recognized as being largely influenced by health, recreation, friendship and family visits, education, business, sports, and religion. As one of the most significant sources of foreign exchange revenue, and an investment catalyst, knowledge disseminator, and em ployment generator, international tourism has grown to be one of Shanghai’s most significant industries. Tourism has developed swiftly in Shanghai. At present, China is investing a lot of capital in promoting tourism and revising laws that govern its tourist industry. In the coming years, China expects to experience even more growth in this area, with the lion share of this development taking place in Shanghai. China’s tourism industry was somewhat affected by SARS scare but recovered swiftly. China is projected to be the world’s most fashionable tourist destination in the next decade. According to (Pike and Ryan 333), â€Å"tourism in Shanghai is a colossal labor intensive business that

Assessment Strategies Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assessment Strategies Paper - Essay Example The final aspect that ought to be keenly considered is the evaluation tools to be used. The FLEXnet course can use different tools because of the student diversity in order to understand the specific needs of each of the students. In addition, it becomes easy to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the learners. This means that the students will be evaluated in different settings, either in the classroom, in groups, as individuals, and in their distance-learning environment. The importance of individual evaluation is that it helps the student realize their individual weaknesses and strength. As suggested by Billings and Halstead (2009), journals serve as an important evaluation tools especially for a group of learners that exemplify such diversity as the FLEXnet course students. Prior to the resumption of learning, the learner is required to write down their expectations of the course as well as the knowledge that they have of the course. This platform gives the learners an opportunity to express themselves in a non-formal manner. The views of the individual learners are not only important in getting to understand the learner but also facilitate the adoption of relevant teaching approaches. Apart from the pre-class journal, regular evaluations during the learning process are paramount. In this case, the learner is required to write down what they have acquired in the course of learning as well as areas that require improvement (Oermann et al, 2012). The se personal evaluations ensure that the students acquire knowledge, are able to connect relationships with variables as well as facilitating the faculty in implementation of student-centered teaching strategies. A consideration of an evaluation test is also important in order to ensure that the students are in tune with what they learn. Working in groups can help the learner enhance their self-awareness in a group setting. An important strategy for the FLEX net course is the use of group

Workplace Safety And Health Policy And Objectives

Workplace Safety And Health Policy And Objectives Safety and health issues are critical to every workplace. Regrettably many companies realize the benefits of good safety and health practices only after an accident has taken place. The lessons learnt from such an oversight are often very distressing, painful and costly for any organization. The Workplace Safety and Health Act came into force in March 2006. It requires all stakeholders to take reasonable practicable measures to provide a safe and healthy environment to all workers in a workplace. As a safety and health professional, each candidate is to take the lead in charting the companys safety and health direction. The project requires each candidate to submit a project report based on an organization in one of the following industry: Petrochemical and Chemical Industry Shipyard and ship building Industry Manufacturing Industry Construction Industry Note: All candidates are to show authenticity of their report. Candidates of same organization may have some information and evidences similar. However the report will generally be different to showcase individual work. Candidates are to submit their report using the given templates downloadable from MEL. Task: The project requires each candidate to submit a project report on establishing and reviewing WSH policy and objectives base on an organization of the chosen industry. Project Report: The research project requires each candidate to derive or collect from their workplace a portfolio of evidences on the following items: Data and information collected through research on the internal and external factors that influence the organisations WSH policy. (PC1.1, UK2, 3) Include the factors involved in the establishing of the WSH objectives. (PC2.2, UK9, 12) Analysis on the factors that influence the organisations WSH policy. (PC1.2, UK1) Develop WSH policy statements and objectives. (PC1.3, 2.2, UK9) Recommend the proposed WSH policy and objectives for management approval after consultation with respective stakeholders. (PC1.5) Identify and look into the relevant organisational structure/s essential in the alignment implementation of the WSH policy. (PC2.1, UK11) Organisational programme for stakeholder awareness and involvement. (PC2.3, UK6, 13, 20) Ways to engage and motivate stakeholders in the change process within organisational structure and system. (UK14, 17) Establish the strategies for implementing WSH policy. (UK15) Advantages and benefits of having positive WSH culture in the implementation of WSH policy. (UK18) Establish regular and effective review process of WSH policy and objectives. (PC3.1) Determine the relevant information to be collected for reviewing. (PC2.4, 3.2, UK23, 24, 26) Involve stakeholders in the assessment of necessary changes to existing policy and objectives. (PC1.4, 3.4 UK8, 25) Establish the impact and the resources required for implementation, prior to finalizing the changes. (PC2.5, 3.5 UK27, 28) Document and communicate to relevant stakeholders the changes in policy arising from review. (PC1.6, 3.6 UK16, 30) PROJECT REPORT COURSE Specialist Diploma in Workplace Safety Health Course Run 21 Competency Unit Establish Review WSH Policy Objectives WP-PR-501C-1 Submitted By Name : Kim Huai Qing Student Id : S99911930 NRIC : S8228427C Contact no.: 97360442 Trainer/Assessor Mr. Tan Aik Nan DATE 04032011 Introduction (Brief summary of company profile, background, main business, core values, etc.) Sanofi-aventis in Singapore Sanofi-aventis ranks among the top pharmaceutical companies in Singapore. With the support of more than 200 professionals, we are committed to our mission to improve the health of patients in Singapore through quality medicine and educating healthcare workers, patients, and the general public. Sanofi-aventis Singapore has over 70 products targeted at the seven major therapeutic areas under the Group. At sanofi-aventis Singapore, the key to our collective and individual success is very much driven by these core values: Courage Creativity Integrity Respect Solidarity Audacity Performance In fulfilling our mission, sanofi-aventis Singapore strives to be a performance-driven, innovative, and value-added organisation. Sanofi-aventis Singapore is also home to the regional head office, and a 35-strong Clinical Research Unit, which oversees more than 20 trials conducted in 150 centres across Southeast Asia. Sanofi-aventis manufacturing plant The sanofi-aventis manufacturing facility in Singapore, Aventis Pharma Manufacturing Pte Ltd, is one of the companys primary manufacturing sites under the Group. It is responsible for the global supply of the pharmaceutical active ingredient Nedocromil Sodium, Sodium Cromoglicate and Enoxaparin Sodium used in key products of sanofi-aventis. Our History The US$70 million facility was built in the early 90s by Fisons, a British-based pharmaceutical group, and started operations in 1993, manufacturing nedocromil sodium, the active ingredient of Tilade and Tilavist. In October 1995, Fisons was acquired by Rhone-Poulenc Rorer of France. After the acquisition, the plant was identified as a strategic site and a further US$67 million was invested in 1998 to build a new plant dedicated to the production of Enoxaparin Sodium, and to expand the capacity of the Synthetic Chemical Plant to produce sodium cromoglicate. In 2000, Rhone-Poulenc merged with Hoechst Group of Germany to form Aventis Pharma. The plant was officially renamed Aventis Pharma Manufacturing Pte Ltd in March, the same year. From a small team of only 60 staff members in 1991, the number has now grown to more than 130. Over the years, the plant has been successfully inspected by US FDA, Singapore HSA and France AFSSAPS, and its products are exported to manufacturing sites primarily sanofi-aventis ones located in Continental Europe, UK, USA and Japan. Our Mission and Vision At sanofi-aventis Singapore, we strive to improve health of patients and residents in Singapore through the providence of quality medicine and medical education to healthcare workers and their patients. We are a performance-driven and dedicated team with a vision to: Provide value-added services to healthcare providers and their patients Improve the professionalism of employees through skills/knowledge training development Improve shareholders value by driving audacious sales profit Data and information collected through research on the internal and external factors that influence the organisations WSH policy. (PC1.1, UK2) Include the factors involved in the establishing of the WSH objectives. (PC2.2, UK9, 12) Analysis on the factors that influence the organisations WSH policy. (PC1.2, UK1) Internal Factors (- List at least 3 internal factors. Describe the purpose of each factor and explain how your company manages, administer, or cope with it. Provide evidence such as examples, attachments, appendices, data, or information for each factor with reference to your practice.) 1) New Directives from Corporate Group. (Appendix 1) At Sanofi-Aventis Singapore, not only do we set our own targets and objectives in compliance with the local laws and legislation but also in line with corporate long term plan and targets. For instance, recently our corporate group sends out a new directive on HSE Plan 2015, which requires the entire sites around the world to meet the target set by corporate on issues such as occupational health, accidents/incident, environmental conservation, etc by 2015. Hence, on local front, we are starting to adjust our targets and objectives incorporate with the corporate long term plan. 2) Change in company structure. At Sanofi-Aventis Singapore, the Site Director is not fixed permanently. The life cycle of a Site Director within the Site is around 4 to 6 years. Hence, there will always be a likely minor change of system every 4 to 6 years on site. But the Site Director should not bring in a total new set of system for Health, Safety and Environment as this will cause major issues such as, changes in SOPs, safety practices, employees total inability to adapt to the changes, etc. All this might result in negative impact on the targets and objectives set within the site which will reflect badly on the HSE system. Hence, usually when a new Site Director steps in, he will review the current HSE system and assess the site performance in safety, health and environment together with the HSE Manager. After assessing and interviewing with relevant personnel, he will make minor tweaks to improve the current HSE system to strive for continual improvement. 3) Feedback from audit results. (Appendix 2) At Sanofi-Aventis, we have a constructive attitude of transparency and dialogue with regard to third parties with respect to its safety, health and environmental protection policy, its achievements and its commitment as stated in the policy. Hence, external audit by third party are carried out to find out whether that the site is in compliance with the local laws and legislation. Although, the site has yet to engage a third party to audit the Health and Safety system, other external audit by third party that have been carried out annually include; ISO 14000 to ensure compliance with the environmental legislation; insurance audit by FM Global to ensure that sufficient preventive and protective measures has been carried out to reduce damages should a fire occurs; Fire Certification inspection by Lynwood Engineering to acts as a PE for the company in terms of preventive and protective measures carried out for fire emergency, emergency preparedness audit by SCDF to ensure Company Emergency Response Team is competent to carried out rescue operation during emergency, etc. Action plans will be carried out for any findings and non-conformities by the auditors and the full report sent to corporate for verification. External Factors (- List at least 3 external factors. Describe the purpose of each factor and explain how your company manages, administer, or cope with it. Provide evidence such as examples, attachments, appendices, data, or documentation for each factor with reference to your practice.) 1) Change in legislation (Appendix 3) At Sanofi-Aventis Singapore, we keep ourselves updated on the local legislation by subscribing to third party updating service, EQS Technologies, whereby an updated copy of the legal system will be sent to company on a quarterly basis. From there, we will review what are the updated changes in the legislation that are applicable to the site and update the policy, SOPs, practices, etc. accordingly. For instance, the new regulation for confined space permit, we have done an update on the permit to include the confined space assessor which was originally not required under the old regulation. 2) Trends in the industrial WSH performance (Appendix 4) The trends in WSH performance for various industrial groups (e.g. chemical, pharmaceutical, construction, shipyard, etc.) can be obtained via the annual reports of the companies, data or statistic from the Ministry of Manpower (MOM). The figures obtained can act as a benchmark for the company to gauge its safety and health performance and see how it has fared among other companies, both on an overall factories basis and/or on a same industrial group basis. From the comparison, the company will have a clearer view on where it stands in terms of its performance on workplace health and safety. Through this, the company can review their policy to make changes to their current objectives and targets so as to strive for continual improvement. 3) New target set by Government (Appendix 5) Benchmark and target set by government will have an effect on the company health and safety management system. For instance, the Prime Minister has laid down a challenge on the factories to meet the target of 1.8 fatality rate by the Year 2018, which will also to extended more workplaces under the new regulation. When the news of this new target was announced, factories have gradually started to step up and tighten on their safety and health system within their workplaces so as to slowly work toward this target. Develop WSH policy statements and objectives. (PC1.3, 2.2, UK9) Recommend the proposed WSH policy and objectives for management approval after consultation with respective stakeholders. (PC1.5) (- Develop or provide company current policy statements and objectives. Recommend some additions/changes to the policy and objectives.) Current company policy (Appendix xxx) Amended company policy (Additional changes highlighted in bold) The Chemistry Site Singapore hereby adopts the following Corporate Sanofi-Avnetis HSE Policy: The Health, Safety and Environment Policy is based on 9 guiding principles which define a framework of actions with respect to both our Group employees and external partners. It is applied to all of our activities. The Health, Safety and Environment Policy is an integral part of the general policy of the Group. The management and the employees of the group apply this policy at all levels. Each person is aware of their role and their personal responsibilities with regard to the prevention of accidents, risks to health or damage to the environment. The company as whole will continue to ensure the necessary protection and control measures are in place to protect the employees and visitors against potential hazards and risks. In all places in which the group operates, it respects the applicable laws and regulations, applies expert recommendations and uses the best practices. Sanofi-Aventis operates management systems relating to safety, health at work and protection of the environment adapted to each of its activities. These systems are assessed periodically, by measurement of the results obtained, by defining objectives for the progress and by implementing action plans called PASS with associated control systems. This process depends on basic understanding, learning from experience, working together and training. The objectives of the systems and action plans drawn out will be communicated to all employees to ensure they are aware of what their responsibilities and duties are. Every development project and every product launch will be subjected to a safety, health and environmental risk assessment integrating all the scientific and technical knowledge of the Group. Such projects will be developed using the best available technology throughout a products life cycle. Sanofi-Aventis takes care to economies on natural resources, to minimize the residual impact of the atmospheric emissions, of effluents or of waste in all its industrial activities in order to preserve the natural environment. With regard to its supplier, contractors or sub-contractors, Sanofi-Aventis aims to promote the application of the rules of safety and protection of the environment, and considers the adoption of these rules as a criterion to be applied to suppliers, contractors or sub-contractors. Vice-versa, Sanofi-Aventis will also aims to comply with clients, suppliers, contractors or sub-contractors workplace and health policy. Sanofi-Aventis has a constructive attitude of transparency and dialogue with regard to third parties with respect to its safety, health and environmental protection policy, its achievements and its commitment. Sanofi-Aventis will review the policy periodically to ensure the targets and objectives set remain relevant to the Group mission and vision so as to strive for continuous improvement. Identify and look into the relevant organisational structure/s essential in the alignment implementation of the WSH policy. (PC2.1, UK11) (- Discuss the company WSH organization structure and how it is managed. You can highlight the role of the WSH personnels, the processes and the procedures of WSH operations in the company. Provide a WSH organization chart that shows the companys WSH structure.) Company Health, Safety and Environmental structure. At Sanofi-Aventis, the Site Director is the main person responsible for the site. The HSE Manager will report to the Site Director on the safety, health, and environment and security issues on a periodically period. Under the HSE manager, he is assisted by a HSE Officer, who is in turn assisted by two HSE technicians. The site security issues are being monitored by the in-house and contractual security officers who report directly to the HSE Manger and/or the HSE Officer. Site Director HSE Manager In-house Security Officers HSE Officer HSE Technician Senior HSE Technician Roles Responsibilities Site Director The site Director has the overall responsibility of the effective implementation of the HSE Policy. In compliance with the law, the Site Director shall: Ensure the workplaces entrances and exits and any equipment, machinery, plant, article r substance are accessible, safe and risky-free. Ensure the safety and health of his employees and personnel who may be indirectly affected in the workplace. In particular, the Site Director is responsible for: Setting the Companys HSE Policy and Strategy, in compliance with regulatory and corporate requirements. Providing facilities which are safe to people who use them. Ensuring that HSE activities are regularly reviewed, including HSE measures, instructions and training of all employees on site. Ensuring compliance with legislation relating to health, safety and the environment. Ensuring HSE performance is being monitored and that appropriate actions are taken as necessary to provide a safe working environment. All emergencies on-site are safely and effectively handled with minimum disruption/damage to people, property, process and/or the environment. Ensuring that the HSE policy, objectives and goals are communicated to all staffs and made available to all those who requested them. Ensure that special emphasis is placed on waste minimization, recycling and energy conservation; as these form key elements in the continual environment improvement targets. The Site Director may delegate certain activities within the policy, but he will be responsible for ensuring that a clear line of delegated authority exists. HSE Manager Formulate policies, procedures, programmes, rules and practices, including health and safety strategies in the implementation of health and safety at the workplace, in compliance with regulatory and corporate requirements. Establishing programmes for detecting, correcting, or controlling hazardous conditions, toxic environments, and health hazards. Establishing safety procedures for the purchase and installation of new equipment and the purchase, use and storage of hazardous materials. Maintaining an accident/incident recording procedure to measure the organizations safety performance and encourage the reporting of near-misses. Staying abreast of, and advising management on current laws, codes and standards relating to health and safety in the workplace. Conducting investigations of accidents, near misses, and preparing reports with recommended corrective actions. Conducting safety training and training need analysis for all levels of management, new and current employees; emphasizing the importance of continual training. Maintaining liaisons with governmental bodies and local organizations and taking an active role in the activities of the regulatory bodies. Accompanying relevant management personnel during plant inspections and audits; and reviewing reports; analyzing trends for repetitive problems and analyzing their root causes; with line management initiating action for necessary corrections. Establishing objectives and targets fir HSE performance and communicating them with all levels of management. Responsible for formulating, planning monitoring and reviewing the various activities in the Environmental Programme. Ensure compliance with the local and international laws and corporate requirements. Ensure that development in environmental legislation and regulations environmental issues, concerns and understanding relevant to the organization are monitored, evaluated and appropriately brought into the environmental management system via the Health, Safety and Environment Committee. Responsible for identifying the environment training needs for individuals who are required to monitor and execute the various programmes that is established; and liaises with the Human Resource Manager in identifying the environmental training needs for the site. Provide programmes to maintain and/or increase environmental awareness amongst staffs. Responsible for ensuring that there are adequate written procedures and rules available on-site for all operations and activities where it has an impact on the environment. Responsible for ensuring adequate investigation into the causes of environment incidents/accidents, whether actual or potential, and the introduction of remedial actions to prevent recurrence where it has an impact on the environment. Together with Department managers, set annual objectives and goals for environmental performance, including the accomplishment of specific activities designed to enhance environmental performance. Maintain records of any environmental impact and maintain a register of activities having a significant impact on the environment. The register shall be adequately reviewed and maintained, and shall be made available for inspection and audit. Ensure that all departments are made aware if the policy and understand their obligations for its implementation. This can be performed through line mismanagement. HSE Officer HSE Technician To operate and perform technical work of the WWTP systems and equipment. To perform sampling and analysis of wastewater and ensure that all wastewater discharged are within regulatory consent limits. Responsible for the technical operation of the fire protection system, inspection of emergency response equipment and maintain accurate records of all equipment, security passes, etc. Assist in the handling of emergency/evacuation situations. Ensure that all signage, emergency site plans, emergency floor plans and relevant checklists are updated and kept current at all times. Attend to any alarm activations when on duty and investigate the cause of the alarms. Report any unusual events or matters of safety or security interest to the HSE Manager and/or HSE Officer and record such activities. Observe the security code of conduct and to ensure that instructions, whether verbal or written, are carried out satisfactorily and ensure that all communications concerning security are kept confidential. Carry out checks on contractors and employees to ensure that companys rules, regulations and legislative requirements are followed. Take appropriate action on any violation of safety rules and report to the HSE Manager and/or HSE Officer for his immediate attention. Ensure compliance to all HSE and Quality Policies and defined procedures. Security Officer To conduct safety inspections on plant, equipment and materials and submit relevant reports to the HSE Manager and/or HSE Officer. To conduct safety briefings for incoming contractors and document the briefings. To inspect contractors equipment before their entry into the Plant. Assist the HSE Manager in organising security duties at the companys entrance and to perform such duties with a view to ensure that security procedures pertaining to movement of materials, finished goods, personnel and vehicles are strictly adhered to and enforced in a safe and responsible manner. Check and inform the HSE Manager and/or HSE Officer any unusual deviations in the patrolling log. Conduct systematic patrolling of the company premises and to prevent unauthorised entry. Conduct six-monthly inventory check on first aid stores and guardhouse inventories. Handle emergency/evacuation situations, where real or otherwise, and ensure that such situations are documented. Report any unusual events or matters of safety or security interest to the HSE Manager and/or HSE Officer and record such activities. Observe the security code of conduct and to ensure that instructions, whether verbal or written, are carried out satisfactorily and ensure that all communications concerning security are kept confidential. Carry out checks on contractors and employees to ensure that companys rules, regulations and legislative requirements are followed. Take appropriate action on any violation of safety rules and report to the HSE Manager and/or HSE Officer for his immediate attention. Ensure compliance to all HSE and Quality Policies and defined procedures. Organisational programme for stakeholder awareness and involvement. (PC2.3, UK6, 13, 20) Ways to engage and motivate stakeholders in the change process within organisational structure and system. (UK14, 17) Establish the strategies for implementing WSH policy. (UK15) 14. Establish the impact and the resources required for implementation, prior to finalizing the changes. (PC2.5, 3.5, UK27, 28) Types of Programmes Description of Programmes Implementation of Programmes Short Long Term Impacts (List at least FOURWSH programmes. Eg. Feedback sessions, campaigns, reward and recognition programmes) (Describe about the programme. Such as: Objectives of programme Purpose If the programme is mandatory, highlight the section of the legislation that states it. The resources require eg. Financial, Manpower, External) (- Describe how the programme is implemented in your company. Who is/are overseeing the implementation? Provide evidence such as examples, attachments, appendices, data, or documentation.) (Describe the short long term impact to the company after implementing the programmes.) Scrubber monitoring program and emission limit (Appendix xxx) The purpose of the scrubber monitoring program is to monitor the efficiency of the scrubber system in the production plants to ensure that the limits specified under the National Environmental Agency (NEA) and/or the design limit of the scrubber, whichever is more stringent, is not exceeded. Scrubber monitoring is done to comply with Environmental Protection and Management Act (Cap. 94A) Finance resource- A budget is needed for the monitoring program by external vendor. Manpower resources: Require the chemical technician to carry out the routine testing and sampling. The Production Shift Supervisors are responsible for the operation of the scrubber system. The Production Plant Engineers are tasked with the implementation of the program. The efficiency of the scrubber system in removing a specific substance form the extracted air shall be verified monthly by the production plant crew through the measurement of its emissions at peak discharge from the process. The peak discharge of a process is determined from the system design and operation. A program for monitoring by external vendor shall be established annually. Compliance with the limits by NEA or system design shall be confined to the scrubber discharge. Emissions form other sources may be included where monitoring is practicable. Short term impact Company may be forced to pay a levy or fine if the emission limit is over. This will also result in releasing of additional pollutant into the environment resulting in adverse impact on the air quality. Long term impact Long term monitoring of the scrubber system is beneficial to the company as it allow the company to draw up a trend line in terms of its emission during the process. This will allow the company to put in additional protective and preventive measures to lower the emission. HSE review Meeting The objective of the HSE review meeting is to determine whether the HSE management system is still suitable, adequate and effective in the light of management systems audit results, changing circumstances and commitment to continual improvement and corporate objectives. The purpose of the HSE review meeting is to review the Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) management system to determine its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness in accordance to corporate guidelines, regulatory requirements and to ISO 14000 standards. The review shall be conducted by the management team consisting of the direct reports to the Site Director. The review shall be chaired by the Site Director. The review meeting is carried out on a quarterly basis. The scope of the management review shall cover the whole organization and all of the activities, products and services carried out by or on behalf of the company which include: 1. Achievement against the Objectives and Targets and waste minimization programs. 2. Impact of new significant environmental aspects. 3. Impact of new legal and other requirements. 4. Effectiveness of HSE training, awareness and competence. 5. Effectiveness of internal and external communication. 6. Need for changes to document control, record keeping and procedural documents. 7. Effectiveness of operational controls in view of results of trends, environmental performance indices, number of incidences, complaints, etc. 8. Results of HSE audits. The observation, conclusion and recommendations of the review shall be documented for necessary action. Results will be reported to the HSE committee and made available to all staff to ensure their awareness to changes in the HSE management system. Short term impact Beneficial to the employees in a way that the management is very concern and serious toward the health and safety system. Long term impact It help to improve the HSE system as well as the workplace health and safety of the employee. PASS Plan (Appendix xxx) The PASS Plan, a corporate initiative, is a method to develop a site HSE action plan by involving the whole s